This consolidation is for information purposes only, and should not be relied upon as authoritative. For authoritative texts, please refer to the CUSMA and the Protocol of Amendment.
Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA) – Annex I – Schedule of Canada
Introductory notes
1. Description provides a general non-binding description of the measure for which the entry is made.
2. Obligations Concerned specifies the obligations referred to in Article 14.12 (Non-Conforming Measures) and Article 15.7 (Non-Conforming Measures) that do not apply to the listed measures.
3. In the interpretation of an entry, all elements of the entry shall be considered. An entry shall be interpreted in light of the relevant provisions of the Chapters against which the entry is taken. To the extent that:
- (a) the Measures element is qualified by a liberalization commitment from the Description element, the Measures element as so qualified prevails over all other elements; and
- (b) the Measures element is not so qualified, the Measures element prevails over other elements, unless a discrepancy between the Measures element and the other elements considered in their totality is so substantial and material that it would be unreasonable to conclude that the Measures element prevails, in which case the other elements prevail to the extent of that discrepancy.
Reservation I-C-1
- Sector:
- All Sectors
- Sub-Sector:
- Obligations Concerned:
National Treatment (Article 14.4)
Performance Requirements (Article 14.10)
Senior Management and Boards of Directors (Article 14.11)
- Level of Government:
- Central
- Measures:
Investment Canada Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. 28 (1st Supp.)
Investment Canada Regulations, SOR/85-611
- Description:
Investment
1. Except as set out in paragraphs 5 and 9, the Director of Investments will review a direct “acquisition of control”, as defined in the Investment Canada Act, of a Canadian business by a WTO investor if the value of the Canadian business is not less than C$1 billion, adjusted in accordance with the applicable methodology in January of each subsequent year, starting in 2019, as set out in the Investment Canada Act.
2. Notwithstanding the definition of “investor of a Party” in Article 14.1 (Definitions), only WTO investors or entities controlled by WTO investors provided for in the Investment Canada Act may benefit from the CAD $1 billion threshold.
3. Except as set out in paragraphs 5 and 9, the Director of Investments will review a direct “acquisition of control”, as defined in the Investment Canada Act, of a Canadian business by a trade agreement investor if the value of the Canadian business is not less than CAD $1.5 billion, adjusted in accordance with the applicable methodology in January of each subsequent year, starting in 2019, as set out in the Investment Canada Act.
4. Notwithstanding the definition of “investor of a Party” in Article 14.1 (Definitions), only a trade agreement investor or an entity controlled by a trade agreement investor as provided for in the Investment Canada Act may benefit from the CAD $1.5 billion review threshold.
5. The higher threshold in paragraphs 1 and 3 does not apply to a direct acquisition of control by a state-owned enterprise of a Canadian business. These acquisitions are subject to review by the Director of Investments if the value of the Canadian business is not less than C$398 million in 2018, adjusted in accordance with the applicable methodology in January of each subsequent year as set out in the Investment Canada Act.
6. An investment subject to review under the Investment Canada Act may not be implemented unless the Minister responsible for the Investment Canada Act advises the applicant that the investment is likely to be of net benefit to Canada. This determination is made in accordance with six factors described in the Investment Canada Act, summarized as follows:
- (a) the effect of the investment on the level and nature of economic activity in Canada, including the effect on employment, on the use of parts, components, and services produced in Canada and on exports from Canada;
- (b) the degree and significance of participation by Canadians in the investment;
- (c) the effect of the investment on productivity, industrial efficiency, technological development, and product innovation in Canada;
- (d) the effect of the investment on competition within an industry in Canada;
- (e) the compatibility of the investment with national industrial, economic, and cultural policies, taking into consideration industrial, economic, and cultural policy objectives enunciated by the government or legislature of a province likely to be significantly affected by the investment; and
- (f) the contribution of the investment to Canada’s ability to compete in world markets.
7. In making a net benefit determination, the Minister, through the Director of Investments, may review plans under which the applicant demonstrates the net benefit to Canada of the proposed acquisition. An applicant may also submit an undertaking to the Minister in connection with a proposed acquisition that is the subject of review. In the event of noncompliance with an undertaking by an applicant, the Minister may seek a court order directing compliance or any other remedy authorized under the Investment Canada Act.
8. A non-Canadian who establishes or acquires a Canadian business, other than those that are subject to review must notify the Director of Investments.
9. The review thresholds set out in paragraphs 1, 3, and 5 do not apply to an acquisition of a cultural business.
10. In addition, the specific acquisition or establishment of a new business in designated types of business activities relating to Canada’s cultural heritage or national identity, which are normally notifiable, may be subject to review if the Governor in Council authorises a review in the public interest.
11. An indirect “acquisition of control” of a Canadian business by an investor of a Party other than a cultural business is not reviewable.
12. Notwithstanding Article 14.10 (Performance Requirements), Canada may impose requirements or enforce a commitment or undertaking in connection with the establishment, acquisition, expansion, conduct, operation or management of an investment of an investor of a Party or of a non-Party for the transfer of technology, production process or other proprietary knowledge to a national or enterprise, affiliated to the transferor, in Canada in connection with the review of an acquisition of an investment under the Investment Canada Act.
13. Except for requirements, commitments or undertakings relating to technology transfer as set out in paragraph 12 of this entry, Article 14.10 (Performance Requirements) applies to requirements, commitments or undertakings imposed or enforced under the Investment Canada Act.
14. For the purposes of this entry:
- (a) a non-Canadian means an individual, government or agency thereof or an entity that is not Canadian; and
- (b) Canadian means a Canadian citizen or permanent resident, a government in Canada or agency thereof, or a Canadian-controlled entity as described in the Investment Canada Act.
Reservation I-C-2
- Sector
- All Sectors
- Sub-Sector:
- Obligations Concerned:
National Treatment (Article 14.4)
Senior Management and Boards of Directors (Article 14.11)
- Level of Government:
- Central
- Measures:
- As set out in the Description element
- Description:
Investment
1. Canada or a province or territory, when selling or disposing of its equity interests in, or the assets of, an existing government enterprise or an existing governmental entity, may prohibit or impose limitations on the ownership of these interests or assets and on the ability of owners of these interests or assets to control a resulting enterprise by investors of a Party or of a third country or their investments. With respect to a sale or other disposition, Canada or a province or territory may adopt or maintain a measure relating to the nationality of senior management or members of the board of directors.
2. For the purposes of this entry:
- (a) a measure maintained or adopted after the date of entry into force of this Agreement that, at the time of sale or other disposition, prohibits or imposes a limitation on the ownership of equity interests or assets or imposes a nationality requirement described in this entry is an existing measure; and
- (b) government enterprise means an enterprise owned or controlled through ownership interests by Canada or a province or territory, and includes an enterprise established after the date of entry into force of this Agreement solely for the purposes of selling or disposing of equity interests in, or the assets of, an existing state enterprise or governmental entity.
Reservation I-C-3
- Sector:
- All Sectors
- Sub-Sector:
- Obligations Concerned:
- National Treatment (Article 14.4)
- Level of Government:
- Central
- Measures:
Canada Business Corporations Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-44
Canada Business Corporations Regulations, 2001, SOR/2001-512
Canada Cooperatives Act, S.C. 1998, c. 1
Canada Cooperatives Regulations, SOR/99-256
- Description:
Investment
1. A corporation may place constraints on the issue, transfer and ownership of shares in a federally incorporated corporation. The object of those constraints is to permit a corporation to meet Canadian ownership or control requirements, under certain laws set out in the Canada Business Corporations Regulations, 2001, in sectors where Canadian ownership or control is required as a condition to receive licences, permits, grants, payments or other benefits. In order to maintain certain Canadian ownership levels, a corporation is permitted to sell shareholders' shares without the consent of those shareholders, and to purchase its own shares on the open market.
2. The Canada Cooperatives Act provides that constraints may be placed on the issue or transfer of investment shares of a cooperative to persons not resident in Canada, to permit cooperatives to meet Canadian ownership requirements to obtain a licence to carry on a business, to become a publisher of a Canadian newspaper or periodical or to acquire investment shares of a financial intermediary and in sectors where ownership or control is a required condition to receive licences, permits, grants, payments, and other benefits. Where the ownership or control of investment shares would adversely affect the ability of a cooperative to maintain a level of Canadian ownership or control, the Canada Cooperatives Act provides for the limitation of the number of investment shares that may be owned or for the prohibition of the ownership of investment shares.
3. For the purposes of this entry Canadian means “Canadian” as defined in the Canada Business Corporations Regulations, 2001 or in the Canada Cooperatives Regulations.
Reservation I-C-4
- Sector:
- All Sectors
- Sub-Sector:
- Obligations Concerned:
- National Treatment (Article 14.4)
- Level of Government:
- Central
- Measures:
Citizenship Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-29
Foreign Ownership of Land Regulations, SOR/79-416
- Description:
Investment
1. The Foreign Ownership of Land Regulations are made pursuant to the Citizenship Act and the Agricultural and Recreational Land Ownership Act, R.S.A. 1980, c. A-9. In Alberta, an ineligible person or foreign owned or controlled corporation may only hold an interest in controlled land consisting of a maximum of two parcels containing, in the aggregate, a maximum of 20 acres.
2. For the purposes of this entry:
ineligible person means:
- (a) a natural person who is not a Canadian citizen or permanent resident;
- (b) a foreign government or agency thereof; or
- (c) a corporation incorporated in a country other than Canada; and
controlled land means land in Alberta but does not include:
- (a) land of the Crown in right of Alberta;
- (b) land within a city, town, new town, village or summer village; and
- (c) mines or minerals.
Reservation I-C-5
- Sector:
- All Sectors
- Sub-Sector:
- Obligations Concerned:
- National Treatment (Article 14.4)
- Level of Government:
- Central
- Measures:
Canadian Arsenals Limited Divestiture Authorization Act, S.C. 1986, c. 20
Eldorado Nuclear Limited Reorganization and Divestiture Act, S.C. 1988, c. 41
Nordion and Theratronics Divestiture Authorization Act, S.C. 1990, c. 4
- Description:
Investment
1. A “non-resident” or “non-residents” may not own more than a specified percentage of the voting shares of the corporation to which each Act applies. For some companies the restrictions apply to individual shareholders, while for others the restrictions may apply in the aggregate. If there are limits on the percentage that an individual Canadian investor can own, these limits also apply to non-residents. The restrictions are as follows:
- Cameco Limited (formerly Eldorado Nuclear Limited): 15 percent per non-resident natural person, 25 percent in the aggregate;
- Nordion International Inc.: 25 percent in the aggregate;
- Theratronics International Limited: 49 percent in the aggregate; and
- Canadian Arsenals Limited: 25 percent in the aggregate.
2. For the purposes of this entry, non-resident includes:
- (a) a natural person who is not a Canadian citizen and not ordinarily resident in Canada;
- (b) a corporation incorporated, formed or otherwise organized outside Canada;
- (c) the government of a foreign State or a political subdivision of a government of a foreign State, or a person empowered to perform a function or duty on behalf of that government;
- (d) a corporation that is controlled directly or indirectly by a person or an entity referred to in subparagraphs (a) through (c);
- (e) a trust:
- (i) established by a person or an entity referred to in subparagraphs (b) through (d), other than a trust for the administration of a pension fund for the benefit of natural persons the majority of whom are resident in Canada, or
- (ii) in which a person or an entity referred to in subparagraphs (a) through (d) has more than 50 percent of the beneficial interest, and
- (f) a corporation that is controlled directly or indirectly by a trust referred to in subparagraph (e).
Reservation I-C-6
- Sector:
- All Sectors
- Sub-Sector:
- Obligations Concerned:
- Local Presence (Article 15.6)
- Level of Government:
- Central
- Measure:
- Export and Import Permits Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. E-19
- Description:
Cross-Border Trade in Services
Only a natural person ordinarily resident in Canada, an enterprise with its head office in Canada or a branch office in Canada of a foreign enterprise may apply for and be issued an import or export permit or transit authorization certificate for a good or related service subject to controls under the Export and Import Permits Act.
Reservation I-C-7
- Sector:
- Communications services
- Sub-sector:
- Telecommunications Transport Networks and Services Radiocommunications
- Obligations Concerned:
- National Treatment (Article 14.4)
Senior Management and Boards of Directors (Article 14.11)
- Level of Government:
- Central
- Measures:
Telecommunications Act, S.C. 1993, c. 38
Canadian Telecommunications Common Carrier Ownership and Control Regulations, SOR/94-667
Radiocommunication Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. R-2
Radiocommunication Regulations, SOR/96-484
- Description:
Investment
1. Foreign investment in a facilities-based telecommunications service supplier is restricted to a maximum, cumulative total of 46.7 percent voting interest, based on 20 percent direct investment and 33.3 percent indirect investment.
2. A facilities-based telecommunications service supplier must be controlled in fact by Canadians.
3. At least 80 percent of the members of the board of directors of a facilities-based telecommunications service suppliers must be Canadians.
4. Notwithstanding the restrictions described above:
- (a) foreign investment is allowed up to 100 percent for suppliers conducting operations under an international submarine cable licence;
- (b) mobile satellite systems of a foreign service supplier may be used by a Canadian service supplier to supply services in Canada;
- (c) fixed satellite systems of a foreign service supplier may be used to provide services between points in Canada and all points outside Canada;
- (d) foreign investment is allowed up to 100 percent for a supplier conducting operations under a satellite authorization; and
- (e) foreign investment is allowed up to 100 percent for a facilities-based telecommunications service supplier that has revenues, including those of its affiliates, from the supply of a telecommunications service in Canada representing less than 10 percent of the total telecommunications services’ annual revenues in Canada. A facilities-based telecommunications service supplier that previously had annual revenues, including those of its affiliates, from the supply of a telecommunication service in Canada representing less than 10 percent of the total telecommunications services annual revenues in Canada may increase to 10 percent or beyond as long as the increase in revenues did not result from the acquisition of control of, or the acquisition of assets used to supply telecommunications services by, another facilities-based telecommunications service supplier that is subject to the legislative authority of the Parliament of Canada.
Reservation I-C-8
- Sector:
- Business Services Industries
- Sub-Sector:
- Obligations Concerned:
National Treatment (Articles 14.4 and 15.3)
Senior Management and Boards of Directors (Article 14.11)
Local Presence (Article 15.6)
- Level of Government:
- Central
- Measures:
Customs Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. 1 (2nd Supp.)
Customs Brokers Licensing Regulations, SOR/86-1067
- Description:
Investment and Cross-Border Trade in Services
To be a licensed customs broker in Canada, in addition to meeting all other licensing requirements:
- (a) a natural person must be a Canadian national;
- (b) a corporation must be incorporated in Canada with a majority of its directors being Canadian nationals; and
- (c) a partnership must be composed of persons who are Canadian nationals who meet all other licensing requirements, or corporations incorporated in Canada with a majority of their directors being Canadian nationals who meet all other licensing requirements.
Reservation I-C-9
- Sector:
- Business Services Industries
- Sub-Sector:
- Duty Free Shops
- Obligations Concerned:
National Treatment (Articles 14.4 and 15.3)
Local Presence (Article 15.6)
- Level of Government:
- Central
- Measures:
Customs Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. 1 (2nd Supp.)
Duty Free Shop Regulations, SOR/86-1072
- Description:
Investment and Cross-Border Trade in Services
1. In addition to all other licensing requirements, to be a licensed duty free shop operator at a border crossing in Canada, a natural person must be a Canadian national.
2. In addition to all other licensing requirements, to be a licensed duty free shop operator at a border crossing in Canada, a corporation must be incorporated in Canada and have all of its shares beneficially owned by Canadian nationals who meet all other licensing requirements.
Reservation I-C-10
- Sector:
- Business Services Industries
- Sub-Sector:
- Examination Services relating to the Export and Import of Cultural Property
- Obligations Concerned:
National Treatment (Articles 15.3)
Local Presence (Article 15.6)
- Level of Government:
- Central
- Measure:
- Cultural Property Export and Import Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-51
- Description:
Cross-Border Trade in Services
1. Only a resident of Canada or an institution in Canada may be designated as an expert examiner of cultural property for the purposes of the Cultural Property Export and Import Act.
2. For the purposes of this entry:
- (a) institution means an entity that is publicly owned and operated solely for the benefit of the public, that is established for educational or cultural purposes and that conserves objects and exhibits them; and
- (b) resident of Canada means a natural person who is ordinarily resident in Canada, or a corporation that has its head office in Canada or maintains an establishment in Canada to which employees employed in connection with the business of the corporation ordinarily report for work
Reservation I-C-11
- Sector:
- Professional Services
- Sub-Sector:
Patent Agents
Patent Agents supplying Legal Advisory and Representation Services.
- Obligations Concerned:
National Treatment (Article 15.3)
Local Presence (Article 15.6)
- Level of Government:
- Central
- Measures:
Patent Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. P-4
Patent Rules, SOR/96-423
- Description:
Cross-Border Trade in Services
To represent a person in the prosecution of a patent application or in other business before the Patent Office, a patent agent must be resident in Canada and registered by the Patent Office.
Reservation I-C-12
- Sector:
- Professional Services
- Sub-Sector:
Trade-mark Agents
Trade-mark Agents supplying Legal Advisory and Representation
Services in Statutory Procedures
- Obligations Concerned:
National Treatment (Article 15.3)
Local Presence (Article 15.6)
- Level of Government:
- Central
- Measures:
Trade-marks Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. T-13
Trade-marks Regulations, SOR/96-195
- Description:
Cross-Border Trade in Services
To represent a person in the prosecution of an application for a trade‑mark or in other business before the Office of the Registrar of Trade-Marks, a trade‑mark agent must be resident in Canada and registered by the Office of the Registrar of Trade-Marks.
Reservation I-C-13
- Sector:
- Energy
- Sub-Sector:
- Oil and Gas
- Obligations Concerned:
- National Treatment (Article 14.4)
- Level of Government:
- Central
- Measures:
Canada Petroleum Resources Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. 36 (2nd Supp.) Territorial Lands Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. T-7
Federal Real Property and Federal Immovables Act, S.C. 1991, c. 50
Canada-Newfoundland and Labrador Atlantic Accord Implementation Act, S.C. 1987, c. 3
Canada-Nova Scotia Offshore Petroleum Resources Accord Implementation Act, S.C. 1988, c. 28
- Description:
Investment
1. This reservation applies to a production licence issued for “frontier lands” and “offshore areas” (areas not under provincial jurisdiction) as defined in the applicable measures.
2. A person who holds an oil and gas production licence or shares therein must be a corporation incorporated in Canada.
Reservation I-C-14
- Sector:
- Energy
- Sub-Sector:
- Oil and Gas
- Obligations Concerned:
Performance Requirements (Article 14.10)
Local Presence (Article 15.6)
- Level of Government:
- Central
- Measures:
Canada Oil and Gas Operations Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. O-7
Canada - Nova Scotia Offshore Petroleum Resources Accord Implementation Act, S.C. 1988, c. 28
Canada - Newfoundland and Labrador Atlantic Accord Implementation Act, S.C. 1987, c. 3
Measures implementing the Canada-Yukon Oil and Gas Accord, including the Canada-Yukon Oil and Gas Accord Implementation Act, S.C. 1998, c.5, s. 20 and the Oil and Gas Act, RSY 2002, c. 162
Measures implementing the Northwest Territories Oil and Gas Accord, including implementing measures that apply to or are adopted by Nunavut as the successor territories to the former Northwest Territories
Measures implementing the Accord between the Government of Canada and the Government of Quebec for the joint management of petroleum resources in the Gulf of St. Lawrence or any other similar federal-provincial accords related to the joint management of petroleum resources.
- Description:
Investment and Cross-Border Trade in Services
1. Under the Canada Oil and Gas Operations Act, a "benefits plan" must be approved by the Minister in order to be authorized to proceed with an oil and gas development project.
2. A benefits plan means a plan for the employment of Canadians and for providing Canadian manufacturers, consultants, contractors, and service companies with a full and fair opportunity to participate on a competitive basis in the supply of goods and services used in proposed work or activity referred to in the benefits plan.
3. The benefits plan contemplated by the Canada Oil and Gas Operations Act permits the Minister to impose on the applicant an additional requirement to ensure that disadvantaged individuals or groups have access to training and employment opportunities or can participate in the supply of goods and services used in proposed work referred to in the benefits plan.
4. Provisions continuing those set out in the Canada Oil and Gas Operations Act are included in laws which implement the Canada‑Yukon Oil and Gas Accord.
5. Provisions continuing those set out in the Canada Oil and Gas Operations Act will be included in laws or regulations to implement accords with various provinces and territories, including implementing legislation by provinces and territories (for example, the Northwest Territories Oil and Gas Accord, the Canada-Quebec Gulf of St. Lawrence Petroleum Resources Accord, and the New Brunswick Oil and Gas Accord). For the purposes of this reservation these accords and implementing legislation shall be deemed, once concluded, to be existing measures
6. The Canada-Nova Scotia Offshore Petroleum Resources Accord Implementation Act and the Canada-Newfoundland and Labrador Atlantic Accord Implementation Act have the same requirement for a benefits plan but also require that the benefits plan ensures that:
- (a) the corporation or other body submitting the plan establishes in the applicable province an office where appropriate levels of decision-making are to take place, prior to carrying out work or an activity in the offshore area;
- (b) expenditures be made for research and development to be carried out in the province, and for education and training to be provided in the province; and
- (c) first consideration be given to goods produced or services provided from within the province, where those goods or services are competitive in terms of fair market price, quality, and delivery.
7. The Boards administering the benefits plan under these Acts may also require that the plan include provisions to ensure that disadvantaged individuals or groups, or corporations owned or cooperatives operated by them, participate in the supply of goods and services used in proposed work or activity referred to in the plan.
8. In addition, Canada may impose a requirement or enforce a commitment or undertaking for the transfer of technology, a production process or other proprietary knowledge to a person of Canada in connection with the approval of development projects under the applicable Acts.
Reservation I-C-15
- Sector:
- Energy
- Sub-Sector:
- Oil and Gas
- Obligations Concerned:
- Performance Requirements (Article 14.10)
- Level of Government:
- Central
- Measures:
Hibernia Development Project Act, S.C. 1990, c. 41
Canada-Newfoundland and Labrador Atlantic Accord Implementation Act, S.C. 1987, c. 3
- Description:
Investment
1. Under the Hibernia Development Project Act, Canada and the Hibernia Project Owners may enter into agreements. Those agreements may require the Project Owners to undertake to perform certain work in Canada and Newfoundland and Labrador and to use their best efforts to achieve specific Canadian and Newfoundland and Labrador target levels in relation to the provisions of a "benefits plan" required under the Canada-Newfoundland and Labrador Atlantic Accord Implementation Act. "Benefits plans" are further described in I-C-14.
2. In addition, Canada may impose in connection with the Hibernia Project a requirement or enforce a commitment or undertaking for the transfer of technology, a production process or other proprietary knowledge to a national or enterprise in Canada.
Reservation I-C-16
- Sector:
- Energy
- Sub-Sector:
- Uranium
- Obligations Concerned:
National Treatment (Article 14.4)
Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Article 14.5)
- Level of Government:
- Central
- Measures:
Investment Canada Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. 28 (1st Supp.)
Investment Canada Regulations, SOR/85-611
Policy on Non-Resident Ownership in the Uranium Mining Sector, 1987
- Description:
Investment
1. Ownership by "non-Canadians", as defined in the Investment Canada Act, of a uranium mining property is limited to 49 percent at the stage of first production. Exceptions to this limit may be permitted if it can be established that the property is in fact "Canadian controlled", as defined in the Investment Canada Act.
2. Exemptions from the Non-Resident Ownership Policy in the Uranium Mining Sector are permitted, subject to approval of the Governor in Council, only in cases where Canadian participants in the ownership of the property are not available. Investments in properties by non-Canadians, made prior to December 23, 1987 and that are beyond the permitted ownership level, may remain in place. No increase in non-Canadian ownership is permitted.
3. In considering a request for an exemption from the Policy from an investor of a Party, Canada will not require that it be demonstrated that a Canadian partner cannot be found.
Reservation I-C-17
- Sector:
- Transportation
- Sub-Sector:
- Air Transportation
- Obligations Concerned:
National Treatment (Article 14.4)
Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Article 14.5)
Senior Management and Board of Directors (Article 14.11)
- Level of Government:
- Central
- Measures:
Canada Transportation Act, S.C. 1996, c. 10
Aeronautics Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. A-2
Canadian Aviation Regulations, SOR/96-433 Part II, Subpart 2 -“Aircraft Markings & Registration”; Part IV “Personnel Licensing & Training”; and Part VII “Commercial Air Services”
- Description:
Investment
1. Only Canadians may provide the following commercial transportation air services:
- (a) domestic services (air services between points, or from and to the same point, in the territory of Canada, or between a point in the territory of Canada and a point not in the territory of another country);
- (b) scheduled international services (scheduled air services between a point in the territory of Canada and a point in the territory of another country) where those services have been reserved to Canadian carriers under existing or future air services agreements;
- (c) non-scheduled international services (non-scheduled air services between a point in the territory of Canada and a point in the territory of another country) where those services have been reserved to Canadian carriers under the Canada Transportation Act; and
- (d) specialty air services including, but are not limited to: aerial mapping, aerial surveying, aerial photography, forest fire management, fire‑fighting, aerial advertising, glider towing, parachute jumping, aerial construction, heli-logging, aerial inspection, aerial surveillance, flight training, aerial sightseeing, and aerial crop spraying.
2. For the purposes of 1 (a), (b), and (c), the Canada Transportation Act, in section 55, defines "Canadian" in the following manner:
- (a) a Canadian citizen or a permanent resident as defined in subsection 2(1) of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c.27;
- (b) a government in Canada or an agent or mandatary of that government; or
- (c) a corporation or entity that is incorporated or formed under the laws of Canada or a province, that is controlled in fact by Canadians and of which at least 51 percent of the voting interests are owned and controlled by Canadians and where:
- (i) no more than 25 percent of the voting interests are owned directly or indirectly by any single non-Canadian, either individually or in affiliation with another person, and
- (ii) no more than 25 percent of the voting interests are owned directly or indirectly by one or more non-Canadians authorized to provide an air service in any jurisdiction, either individually or in affiliation with another person;
3. Regulations made under the Aeronautics Act include distinct definitions of "Canadian" referenced in paragraphs (2) and (4). These Regulations require that a Canadian operator of commercial air services operate Canadian-registered aircraft. These Regulations require an operator to be Canadian in order to obtain a Canadian Air Operator Certificate and to qualify to register aircraft as "Canadian".
4. For the Purposes of 1 (d), the Canadian Aviation Regulations define "Canadian" in the following manner:
- (a) a Canadian citizen or a permanent resident as defined in subsection 2(1) of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act;
- (b) a government in Canada or an agent or mandatary of that government; or
- (c) a corporation or entity that is incorporated or formed under the laws of Canada or a province, that is controlled in fact by Canadians and of which at least 75 percent of the voting interests are owned and controlled by Canadians.
5. No foreign individual is qualified to be the registered owner of a Canadian-registered aircraft.
6. Further to the Canadian Aviation Regulations, a corporation incorporated in Canada, but that does not meet the Canadian ownership and control requirements, may only register an aircraft for private use where a significant majority of use of the aircraft (at least 60 percent) is in Canada.
7. The Canadian Aviation Regulations also have the effect of limiting foreign-registered private aircraft registered to non‑Canadian corporations to be present in Canada for a maximum of 90 days per twelve-month period. The foreign‑registered private aircraft shall be limited to private use, as would be the case for Canadian-registered aircraft requiring a private operating certificate.
Reservation I-C-18
- Sector:
- Air Transportation
- Sub-Sector:
- Specialty Air Services as defined in Article 15.1 (Definitions)
- Obligations Concerned:
National Treatment (Article 15.3)
Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Article 15.4)
- Level of Government:
- Central
- Measures:
Canada Transportation Act, S.C. 1996, c. 10
Air Transportation Regulations, SOR/88-58
Canadian Aviation Regulations, SOR/96-433
- Description:
Cross-Border Trade in Services
Authorization from Transport Canada is required to supply a specialty air service in the territory of Canada. In determining whether to grant a particular authorization, Transport Canada will consider among other factors, whether the country in which the applicant, if an individual, is resident or, if an enterprise, is constituted or organized, provides Canadian specialty air service operators reciprocal access to supply specialty air services in that country’s territory. Any foreign service supplier authorized to supply a specialty air service is required to comply with Canadian safety requirements while supplying these services in Canada.
Reservation I-C-19
- Sector:
- Transportation
- Sub-Sector:
- Air Transportation
- Obligations Concerned:
National Treatment (Article 15.3)
Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Article 15.4)
Local Presence (Article 15.6)
- Level of Government:
- Central
- Measures:
Aeronautics Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. A-2
Canadian Aviation Regulations, SOR/96-433, Part IV “Personnel Licensing & Training”; Part V “Airworthiness”; Part VI “General Operating & Flight Rules”; and Part VII “Commercial Air Services”
- Description:
Cross-Border Trade in Services
1. Aircraft and other aeronautical product repair, overhaul or maintenance activities required to maintain the airworthiness of Canadian-registered aircraft and other aeronautical products must be performed by a person meeting Canadian aviation regulatory requirements (that is, approved maintenance organizations and aircraft maintenance engineers). A certification is not provided for persons located outside Canada, except sub-organizations of approved maintenance organizations that themselves are located in Canada.
2. Pursuant to an airworthiness agreement between Canada and the United States, Canada recognizes the certification and oversight provided by the United States for all repair, overhaul and maintenance facilities and individuals performing the work located in the United States.
Reservation I-C-20
- Sector:
- Transportation
- Sub-Sector:
- Land Transportation
- Obligations Concerned:
National Treatment (Article 15.3)
Local Presence (Article 15.6)
- Level of Government:
- Central
- Measures:
Motor Vehicle Transport Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. 29 (3rd Supp.), as amended by S.C. 2001, c. 13.
Canada Transportation Act, S.C. 1996, c. 10
Customs Tariff, S.C. 1997, c. 36
- Description:
Cross-Border Trade in Services
Only a person of Canada using Canadian-registered and either Canadian-built or duty-paid trucks or buses, may provide truck or bus services between points in the territory of Canada.
Reservation I-C-21
- Sector:
- Transportation
- Sub-Sector:
- Water Transportation
- Obligations Concerned:
National Treatment (Articles 14.4 and 15.3)
Local Presence (Articles 15.6)
- Level of Government:
- Central
- Measures:
- Canada Shipping Act, 2001, S.C. 2001, c. 26
- Description:
Investment and Cross-Border Trade in Services
1. To register a vessel in Canada, the owner of that vessel or the person who has exclusive possession of that vessel must be:
- (a) a Canadian citizen or a permanent resident within the meaning of subsection 2(1) of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c.27;
- (b) a corporation incorporated under the laws of Canada or a province or territory; or
- (c) when the vessel is not already registered in another country, a corporation incorporated under the laws of a country other than Canada if one of the following is acting with respect to all matters relating to the vessel, namely:
- (i) a subsidiary of that corporation that is incorporated under the law of Canada or a province or territory,
- (ii) an employee or director in Canada of any branch office of that corporation that is carrying on business in Canada, or
- (iii) a ship management company incorporated under the law of Canada or a province or territory.
2. A vessel registered in a foreign country which has been bareboat chartered may be listed in Canada for the duration of the charter while the vessel’s registration is suspended in its country of registry, if the charterer is:
- (a) a Canadian citizen or permanent resident, as defined in subsection 2(1) of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c.27; or
- (b) a corporation incorporated under the law of Canada or a province or territory.
Reservation I-C-22
- Sector:
- Transportation
- Sub-Sector:
- Water Transportation
- Obligations Concerned:
National Treatment (Article 15.3)
Local Presence (Article 15.6)
- Level of Government:
- Central
- Measures:
Canada Shipping Act, 2001, S.C. 2001, c. 26
Marine Personnel Regulations, SOR/2007-115
- Description:
Cross-Border Trade in Services
Masters, mates, engineers, and certain other seafarers must hold certificates granted by the Minister of Transport as a requirement of service on Canadian registered vessels. These certificates may be granted only to Canadian citizens or permanent residents.
Reservation I-C-23
- Sector:
- Transportation
- Sub-Sector:
- Water Transportation
- Obligations Concerned:
National Treatment (Article 15.3)
Local Presence (Article 15.6)
- Level of Government:
- Central
- Measures:
Pilotage Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. P-14
General Pilotage Regulations, SOR/2000-132
Atlantic Pilotage Authority Regulations, C.R.C., c. 1264
Laurentian Pilotage Authority Regulations, C.R.C., c. 1268
Great Lakes Pilotage Regulations, C.R.C., c. 1266
Pacific Pilotage Regulations, C.R.C., c. 1270
- Description:
Cross-Border Trade in Services
Subject to Canada's Reservation II-C-8, a licence or a pilotage certificate issued by the relevant regional Pilotage Authority is required to provide pilotage services in the compulsory pilotage waters of the territory of Canada. Only a Canadian citizen or permanent resident may obtain a licence or pilotage certificate. A permanent resident of Canada who has been issued a pilot's licence or pilotage certificate must become a Canadian citizen within five years of receipt of that licence or pilotage certificate in order to retain it.
Reservation I-C-24
- Sector:
- Transportation
- Sub-Sector:
- Water Transportation
- Obligations Concerned:
- Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Article 15.4)
- Level of Government:
- Central
- Measures:
- Coasting Trade Act, S.C. 1992, c. 31
- Description:
Cross-Border Trade in Services
The prohibitions under the Coasting Trade Act, set out in Canada's Reservation II-C-7, do not apply to any vessel that is owned by the Government of the United States of America, when used solely for the purpose of transporting goods owned by the Government of the United States of America from the territory of Canada to supply Distant Early Warning sites.
Reservation I-C-25
- Sector:
- Transportation
- Sub-Sector:
- Water Transportation Services by Sea-going and Non-sea-going Vessels
- Obligations Concerned:
- Local Presence (Article 15.6)
- Level of Government:
- Central
- Measures:
- Shipping Conferences Exemption Act, 1987, R.S.C. 1985, c.17 (3rd Supp.)
- Description:
Cross-Border Trade in Services
Members of a shipping conference must maintain jointly an office or agency in the region of Canada where they operate. A shipping conference is an association of ocean carriers that has the purpose or effect of regulating rates and conditions for the transportation by those carriers of goods by water.
Reservation I-C-26
- Sector:
- All
- Sub-Sector:
- Obligations Concerned:
National Treatment (Article 14.4 and Article 15.3)
Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Article 14.5 and 15.4)
Performance Requirements (Article 14.10)
Senior Management and Boards of Directors (Article 14.11)
Local Presence (Article 15.6)
- Level of Government:
- Regional
- Measures:
- An existing non-conforming measure of a province and territory.
- Description:
Investment and Cross-Border Trade in Services
- Date modified:
