Deputy Minister of International Development appearance before the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade on recent developments on the humanitarian situation in Gaza – issue notes

November 22, 2023
Published: March 18, 2024

Scenario note

• Your in-person, one-hour appearance begins at 4:15 p.m.
• The following officials will support you:
  • Ann Flanagan Whalen, Director General, North Africa, Israel, West Bank/Gaza
  • Tara Carney, Director, International Humanitarian Assistance

Committee logistics

• After your opening remarks of five minutes, the committee will move to rounds of questions.
• Unlike House of Commons Committee practice, questions will be asked on a first come, first served basis. Senators catch the eye of the Clerk by raising their hand indicating they wish to be added to the list. Senators will typically be afforded up to 4 minutes per round of questions unless otherwise indicated by the Chair.
• Any Senator can attend a Senate committee meeting and pose questions, even if they are not a member of that committee.

Committee membership & context

• For the full list of committee members, please see the committee biographies included in the briefing binder.
• Your last appearance before the Committee was on February 9, 2023 on the topic of International Development Week.
• As part of the Committee’s study on the Canadian foreign service and elements of the foreign policy machinery within Global Affairs Canada, you appeared twice, on June 9 and November 3, 2022, accompanying then-Minister of International Development, Harjit Sajjan. You also met the Committee members during their site visit at 125 Sussex in March 2023, taking part in a roundtable discussion with them along with other members of EXCO.
• To note that the Committee is concluding its GAC ‘Fit for Purpose’ study and are planning to table their report during the week of November 20. As they conclude the study, the Committee has been meeting on individual topics under their general study on foreign relations and international trade. Your appearance takes place within that context. Recent topics and appearances include:
  • Women, peace and security with appearances by Jacqueline O’Neill, Canada’s Ambassador for Women, Peace and Security and Ulrich Shannon (IRD) on November 2.
  • The situation in Afghanistan with an appearance by Weldon Epp (OGM) on October 25.
  • Consular management in emergency situations, including an update on the Israel-Hamas conflict, with appearances by Julie Sunday (CFM) and Sebastien Beaulieu (CSD) also on October 25.
  • The Situation in Haiti with an appearance from Lisa Vandehei (FHTI) and Sébastien Sigouin (NDH) on October 5.
  • The situation in Ukraine with an appearance by Alexandre Lévêque (EGM) on October 4.
• With respect to recent developments in the humanitarian situation in Gaza:
  • As this is a new and evolving situation, the Committee has not explored the topic in depth during previous meetings.
  • The Israel-Hamas situation was raised during the Committee’s two meetings on women, peace and security on November 1-2. Questions focused on whether Women, Peace and Security principles informed Canada’s analysis of the Israel-Hamas situation and whether women played a role in strategic discussions about the conflict.
• Other broad Committee lines of inquiry relevant to your upcoming appearance include:
  • Due diligence processes related to Canadian aid: ensuring aid does not fund regional actors like the Taliban, ensuring aid reaches intended recipients;
  • Addressing corruption in countries receiving aid: e.g. Haiti, Afghanistan;
  • Women and children: violence in conflict zones, the education of women and girls;
  • Departmental capacity to deliver aid in a ‘poly-crisis’ global environment;
  • Aid “fatigue” in contexts like Afghanistan.
• Other Areas of Interest to the Committee:
  • During this 44^th Parliament the Committee has also studied:
    • The Frozen Assets Repurposing Act;
    • A comprehensive review of the provisions and operation of the Sergei Magnitsky Law, and the Special Economic Measures Act;
    • S-225, An Act to amend the Prohibiting Cluster Munitions Act (investments); and;
    • Cultural diplomacy and Canadian Studies programs abroad.

Opening Remarks

Update on recent developments on the humanitarian situation in Gaza

The Senate Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade (AEFA)

Appearance: November 22, 2023.

Christopher Maclennan  Deputy Minister of International Development

Good afternoon,

Like each and every one of you, we are deeply concerned by the disastrous humanitarian situation deteriorating in Gaza, and its immediate and long-term consequences for civilians.

Just six weeks ago, Hamas’s brutal attack on Israel shocked the world.

Since then, the Government of Canada has been unequivocal in our support for Israel’s right to self-defence.

We have also been unequivocal in our position that international humanitarian law must be upheld.

Following international humanitarian law means that hostages must be released. We are hopeful that the agreement announced yesterday facilitates the release of more hostages very soon.

International humanitarian law is also clear that medical and humanitarian personnel and facilities must not be under attack, and must not be used as shields.

And as you have heard the Prime Minister say, “even wars have rules” – and we expect that Israel will show maximum restraint.

From a humanitarian assistance perspective, it is hard to overstate the scale of the humanitarian emergency unfolding in Gaza.

We know of at least 11,000 fatalities. This includes 4,500 children and 3,000 women.

In addition, over 6,500 people, including 4,400 children are reported missing and may be trapped under the rubble.

In terms of displacement, the numbers are no less staggering. Sixty-five percent of Gaza’s population has been displaced from their homes.

Over 813,000 people are sheltering in just 154 designated emergency shelters managed by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency – better known as “UNRWA”.

This is nearly three times these shelters’ intended capacity, and that means there is nowhere near sufficient hygiene facilities or even places for people to sleep. Women and children are sleeping indoors, but men are sleeping outdoors – and winter is coming.

This overcrowding is leading to the spread of diseases like acute respiratory illness and diarrhea. We are at risk of a public health disaster.

Part of the reason overcrowding is so severe is that critical infrastructure has been destroyed. This war has caused the destruction of over 45% housing in Gaza, and over 300 schools. It has destroyed water and sewage lines.

I know that I’ve shared a lot of numbers there. But I think it’s important to try to demonstrate the scale of the humanitarian emergency in Gaza, as we discuss the response on the ground, and Canada’s contribution to those efforts.

In terms of humanitarian access, the situation remains very dangerous and very challenging. Frequent communication blackouts make humanitarian operations even more difficult.

Since October 21, only 1,320 trucks, excluding fuel, have entered Gaza through the Rafah border. UN agencies characterize the aid entering as a small fraction of what is needed.

We are hopeful that the agreement announced yesterday for the release of hostages and the temporary pause in fighting will allow more essential human assistance to reach vulnerable civilians.

There continue to be many challenges. For example, before any truck is permitted to cross at Raffah, it must make a long detour to a facility set up for inspection. We also know there are many delays along the road from Cairo. Raffah is quite remote and so there are understandable logistical issues.

There is no question that the backbone of the humanitarian response in Gaza is UNRWA. They have proven to be an experienced and trusted partner with capacity to deliver, in an immensely complex operating environment.

Canada, along with other like-minded donors, will continue to provide much needed support to the Agency.

On the ground, UNRWA is joined by experienced humanitarian partners, including the Red Cross, World Food Programme, and the World Health Organization.

Their work is centred on cash transfers, food kits, water, hygiene kits, non-food items to civilians in need. These have been sourced from supplies already prepositioned in Gaza, as the supply of urgently needed supplies trickles at a very slow pace into Gaza.

It is crucial that we support the continued efforts of humanitarian agencies and listen to their advice and needs.

I will note that before the war began, Canada was already one of the largest bilateral donors of humanitarian and development assistance to Palestinians. And we were actually the first Western country to announce additional humanitarian aid.

To date, Canada has announced $60 million in humanitarian assistance funding to experienced United Nations, Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, and non-governmental organization partners. This includes a matching fund with the Humanitarian Coalition, which represents twelve leading Canadian humanitarian NGOs.

The Coalition’s appeal raised over $13.7M, and Canada is happy to match every dollar raised during the appeal. We are currently assessing where best to allocate the remaining $16M in funding we secured from the Crisis Pool. 

This support is very important, but it is clear that the overall funding needs remain incredibly high. It’s clear from the flash appeal released by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. On October 12, the appeal was for $294 million US…and by November 6, the estimated need rose to $1.2 billion…we’re looking at a four-fold increase in less than four weeks.

As of 14 November, Member States have disbursed just over $132 million against the Flash Appeal, representing just 11% of what was requested.

I will close here by noting that Canada is working on this crisis from all angles. My focus is on humanitarian assistance, but we also engage with partners in the international community to coordinate efforts for post conflict peacebuilding, reconstruction, and humanitarian efforts.

We are engaging frequently with the US, with regional partners and key allies, including Israel. Minister Joly and Minister Hussen have travelled to the region to advocate for greater access and an increased scale of humanitarian aid through the opening up of more border crossings into Gaza.

We will continue to call for greater humanitarian access, including through humanitarian pauses, to ensure that much-needed assistance can reach vulnerable people in Gaza.

And Canada continue to stand firmly with the Palestinian and Israeli peoples in their right to live side-by-side in peace and security. Thank you.

AEFA members’ biographies

Peter M. Boehm (Chair)
Independent Senators Group – Ontario 

Appointment to the senate

• October 3, 2018

Professional background

• Studies: Ph.D in History from the University of Edinburgh, a Master's degree in International Affairs from the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs at Carleton University, and a Bachelor's degree in English and History from Wilfrid Laurier University.
• Public Servant: Various positions at Global Affairs from 1983 – 2018, including: Deputy Minister for the G7 Summit, Deputy Minister of International Development, Senior Associate Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Canadian Ambassador to Germany, and Ambassador and Permanent Representative to the Organization of the American States.

Political and parliamentary roles

• Senate group: Independent Senators Group (November 3, 2018 – Present)
• Member: Canadian NATO Parliamentary Association (2018 – Present)

Committee membership

• Chair: Standing Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade (2020 – Present)
• Member: Standing Senate Committee on National Security and Defence (2018 – Present); Standing Senate Committee on National Finance (2018 – Present); Standing Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade (2018 – Present)
• Former Member: Standing Senate Committee on Aboriginal Peoples (2018 – 2019); Standing Senate Committee on Internal Economy, Budgets and Administration (2019 – 2020); Committee of Selection (2019 – 2020)

Recent points of interest

Ukraine: 

• During that same meeting in June 2022, Senator Boehm asked if Canada has a plan to look at the long-term assistance that Canada could provide to Ukraine from a post-hostility perspective. 
• At a Senate Standing Committee on National Finance meeting in June 2022, Senator Boehm asked for details regarding the distribution of the $500 million in terms of stocks, new acquisitions and direct transfers to Ukraine.

Peacekeeping: 

• During Senate debate, Question Period, and Committees, Senator Boehm frequently highlights the importance of United Nations peacekeeping missions. From his perspective, the UN's role is to maintain international peace and security, by working to prevent conflicts, and by working proactively to lay the foundations for peace.

GAC ‘Fit For Purpose’:

• During the March 2023 visit to 125 Sussex, Senator Boehm underlined that the committee has heard a lot of emphasis on human resources and the need for consistent recruitment. He also suggested that parliamentary diplomacy could be better leveraged.
• In November 2022, Senator Boehm asked Minister Sajjan whether the Government finds time to have comparative discussions with counterpart organizations like USAID and FCDO around what is working and what isn’t for their respective organizations.
• During this study, he has repeatedly questioned other government departments on whether they are using GAC’s training center for their personnel working abroad.

Other interests

Indigenous Relations

• During a Senate debate on Bill C-15 (An Act respecting the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples) in 2021, Senator Boehm expressed his support for Indigenous Peoples, and the importance of ensuring their meaningful inclusion in Canadian society.

Peter Harder (Vice-Chair)
Progressive Senate Group – Ontario

Appointment to the senate

• March 23, 2016

Professional background

• Studies: Bachelor’s degree in Political Science
• Public Service: 30 years of experience in the Federal Public Service, including in the departments of immigration, public safety, industry, the treasury board and foreign affairs.
• Immigration: Senator Harder served as the founding Executive Director of the Immigration and Refugee Board.
• Foreign Services/GAC: He joined the Foreign Service in 1977; Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (2003 – 2007)

Political and parliamentary roles

• Senate groups: Independent (2016 – 2020); Progressive Senate Group (2020 Present)
• Leader of the Government in the Senate (2016 – 2020)

Committee membership

• Deputy Chair: Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade (2020 – Present)
• Member: Special Joint Committee on the Declaration of Emergency (2022 Present); Standing Committee on Ethics and Conflictof Interest for Senators (2020 – Present); Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs (2020- Present)
• Former Member: Standing Committee on National Finance (2019 – 2020); Standing Committee on National Security and Defence (2019 – 2020); Standing Committee on Transport and Communications (2020 – 2022); Standing Committee on Human Rights (2021 – 2022); Standing Committee on Social Affairs, Science and Technology (2021- 2022)

Recent points of interest

Humanitarian Aid:

• Senator Harder closely follows humanitarian operations, and regularly asks questions about the logistics, resources and results of these operations.

Ukraine:

• In March 2022, Senator Harder asked the Government Representative in the Senate what means Canada is considering support to military efforts and combatants in Ukraine other than a no-fly zone.

COVAX: 

• In December 2021, Senator Harder criticized the fact that while Canada promised 51 million doses to COVAX out of its own surplus of stock and through bilateral donations, only about 10 million of those vaccines had been delivered.

GAC ‘Fit For Purpose’:

• In October 2022, Senator Harder stated that locally engaged staff are an important element of our international footprint and inquired about their recruitment, role, security issues, and how they are managed. 
• In November 2022, he asked about the inter-pollination of human resources between GAC and DND, and whether there have been recent lessons from a kinetic and policy perspective. 

Gwen Boniface
Independent Senators Group – Ontario

Appointment to the senate

• November 10, 2016

Professional background

• Police/Security: Served internationally for 10 years, including as Deputy Chief Inspector of Ireland’s Garda Síochána Inspectorate tasked with reforming Ireland’s national Police Service, as a Transnational Organized Crime Expert with the United Nations Police Division and as Deputy Executive Director of the International Association of Chiefs of Police.
• Commissioner: Served with Law Commission of Canada for 5 years as a Commissioner.
• Indigenous: Initiated a truth and reconciliation project in her home community of Orillia in 2019 with Indigenous and non-indigenous members.

Political and parliamentary roles

• Senate group: Independent Senators Group (2016 – Present)
• Member: Canada-Europe Parliamentary Association (2017 – Present); Canadian Delegation to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe Parliamentary Assembly (2017 – Present) 

Committee membership

• Co-Chair: Special Joint Committee on the Declaration of Emergency (2022 – Present)
• Member: Standing Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade (2020 – Present); Special Joint Committee on the Declaration of Emergency (2022 – Present); Standing Committee on National Security and Defence (2017 – Present); Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs (2017 – Present); Standing Committee on Rules, Procedures and the Rights of Parliament (2021 – Present)
• Former Chair: Standing Committee on National Security and Defence (2020 – 2021)

Recent points of interest

GAC ‘Fit For Purpose’:

• During the March 2023 visit to 125 Sussex, Senator Boniface asked whether, in consultations with other countries, GAC has found they are facing the same issues and hurdles related to human resources.
• In June 2022, the Senator stated that the Foreign Service has a risk-averse culture and she asked how to rebuild an organization in a way that actually values contrary views. 
• Duringthis study, she has demonstrated an interest in the Government of Canada’s footprint abroad.
• Sanctions Against Russia:
• In June 2022, Senator Boniface asked if sanctions that Canada and its allies have put on Russia are affecting the Russian economy and the Russian people and if there is evidence that suggests international sanctions are producing a behavioural change in the Russian regime. 

 Unfair Trade Practice:

• At an AEFA meeting in May 2022, Senator Boniface wanted to know how the CBSA and the CITT investigate instances in which imports are being dumped or subsidized and if these practices have caused injury to Canadian producers. 

Other interests

Defence & Security:

• With a background in law enforcement, Senator Boniface has a special interest in security issues, particularly those related to human trafficking and CBSA-related work.

Mary Coyle
Independent Senators Group – Nova Scotia (Antigonish) 

Appointment to the senate

• December 4, 2017

Professional background

• Studies: Bachelor’s degree in in languages and literature with a major in French and a minor in Spanish and a Master’s degree in rural planning and development.
• Rural Development: She subsequently worked as a Rural Development Advisor in Indonesia and later to support two State Islamic Universities develop their community engagement strategies.
• Involvement: Vice President and Director of the school’s Coady International Institute (1997 – 2014); Executive Director of the Frank McKenna Centre for Leadership (2014 – 2017)

Political and parliamentary roles

• Senate group: Independent Senators Group (2018 – Present)

Committee membership

• Member: Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade (2019 - Present); Standing Committee on Indigenous Peoples (2017 – Present); 
• Former Member: Standing Committee on Transport and Communications (2020 – 2022)

Recent points of interest

GAC ‘Fit For Purpose’:

• During the March 2023 visit to 125 Sussex, Senator Coyle asked for more information around the Department’s Future of Diplomacy work and how much of the input into it is coming from internal vs external.
• On March 9, 2023, she noted that Canada has had 15 foreign ministers in the past 22 years, and expressed the view that some Ministers did not have the time or the power to provide Canadian diplomats with real leadership; she asked John Baird, who was appearing as a witness, to share his views on how these multiple changes affect the Foreign Service.
• In June 2022, the Senator showed interest in GAC's recruitment process and asked if there was a strategy on the part of the department to attract senior or mid-career professionals.
• In April 2022, Senator Coyle described the loss of many development assistance experts following CIDA’s amalgamation with DFAIT, and asked whether the role of Global Affairs as a link to development assistance expertise has been weakened.
• Ukraine
• In June 2022, Senator Coyle wanted to know the role of Canada or any other country or international organization in supporting diplomatic channels of negotiation between Russia and Ukraine and asked if there was still a possibility of de-escalation through diplomacy.

Seized Russian Assets:

• In May 2022, Senator Coyle wanted to know how the Russian assets seized by the government will be used.

Atrocities in Ukraine

• In April 2022, Senator Coyle, noted that “rape is a brutal weapon of war” and that atrocities and human rights violations throughout Ukraine have already been documented. She asked what Canada is doing to support the Ukrainian government, or other organizations on the ground, to protect women and children from further sexual violence and what Canada is doing to support the preparation of the evidence required to support the eventual prosecution of war crimes.

Other interests

• Senator Coyle is an advocate for gender equality in the in Canadian public institutions and in Canadian society.

Marty Deacon
Independent Senators Group – Ontario (Waterloo Region)

Appointment to the senate

• February 28, 2018

Professional background

• Commonwealth Games Canada: Executive Board Member & Chef de Mission (2012- Present)
• Canadian Olympic Committee: Director, Executive Board (2009 – Present)
• Independent Consultant: Education consultation at the elementary and secondary school level (2016 – 2018)
• Waterloo Region District School Board: Superintendent & Executive Officer (2010 - 2016); Principal (2000 – 2010)

Political and parliamentary roles

• Senate group: Independent Senators Group (2018 – Present)

Committee membership

• Member: Standing Committee on National Security, Defence and Veterans Affairs (2020 – Present); Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade (2020 – Present); Standing Committee on Rules, Procedures and the Rights of Parliament (2022 – Present)
• Former Member: Standing Committee on Official Languages (2022 – 2022)

Recent points of interest

Russia: 

• In June 2022, Senator Deacon expressed concern about the risk that Russia uses chemical weapons in Ukraine and asked what options are available to Canada and other signatories to the Chemical Weapons Convention if it does so.
• During the same meeting, she also expressed concern regarding physical violence on women and children by Russia in Ukraine and asked how Canada can help hold perpetrators accountable for sexual violence in Ukraine. 

GAC ‘Fit for Purpose’:

• During the March 2023 visit to 125 Sussex, Senator Deacon asked what the Government learned from the pandemic with respect to emergency management, and what the connection is between the work at NORAD and similar sites and GAC’s Emergency Watch & Response Centre.
• In June 2022, the Senator stated based on the comments of previous witnesses that “there are too many supervisors and not enough leash to allow Canadian foreign affairs officers to operate independently and with autonomy in their postings.”
• She also asked what direction Canada should take as a middle power in its diplomacy given major changes on the international scene.
• Senator Deacon considers that the development aspect in diplomacy is very important for a rich, medium sized country like Canada. She regularly asks questions about Canada's development assistance efforts and resources.

Seized Russian Assets:

• In March 2022, Senator Deacon wanted to know how the Russian assets seized by the government will be used and if unfreezing of Russian assets could be a condition of any peace agreement.

Other interests

Afghanistan:

• In 2021, Senator Deacon was contacted by several athletes, coaches, sports leaders and leaders in the LGBTQ2+ community to help them get out of Afghanistan. 
• In a Senate question period in February 2022, she also reiterated the importance of the work involved in getting Afghans out of Afghanistan.

Mohamed-Iqbal Ravalia
Independent Senators Group – Newfoundland and Labrador 

Appointment to the senate

• June 1, 2018

Professional background

• Studies: Medical degree (MB.ChB.) and a Certification in Family Medicine (CCFP)
• Medicine: Practiced family medicine in Twillingate, NL (1984 – 2018)
• Community Engagement: Involvement with local minor hockey, community outreach initiatives, and fundraising for the Lions Club and support of the Anglican Church Sunday school program.

Political and parliamentary roles

• Senate group: Independent Senators Group (2018 – Present)
• Member: Canada-Europe Parliamentary Association (2019 – Present)

Committee membership

• Member:Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade (2020 – Present); Standing Committee on Fisheries and Oceans (2018 – Present); Standing Joint Committee on the Library of Parliament (2019 – Present)
• Former Member: Standing Committee on National Security and Defence (2022 – 2022)

Recent points of interest

GAC ‘Fit for Purpose’:

• During the March 2023 visit to 125 Sussex, Senator Ravalia asked what GAC is doing to attract “hyphenated-Canadians” so that we can reap the benefits of their language skills, cultural knowledge, etc.
• In November 2022, the Senator asked DND about their involvement with GAC in the development of the Indo-Pacific Strategy given the potential threats in that region of the world.
• In June 2022, he recognized the importance of modernizing Canada's diplomacy as well as modernizing its digital technologies to revitalize the foreign service. He asked if Canada has an infrastructure capable of addressing potential cybersecurity threats and whether it is working with its Fives Eyes allies on this issue.
• In April 2022, Senator Ravalia suggested that in the context of evolving global challenges, Canada appears to be under-represented in some jurisdictions, such as on the African continent.

Humanitarian aid to Ukraine:

• In June 2022, Senator Ravalia asked what Canada can do to help maintain an adequate supply of equipment and medicines to organizations assisting Ukrainians on the ground.

Space Industry and Cooperation: 

• In May 2022, Senator Ravalia asked for more details about the memorandum of understanding signed by Canada and the United States concerning the cooperation on the civil Lunar Gateway. He also asked if there will be competition between private industry and this program in the long term. 

Vaccine Equity:

• Senator Ravalia has been a strong advocate for the redistribution of COVID-19 vaccines to disadvantaged countries and has repeatedly called for Canada's involvement in vaccine distribution in needy and underdeveloped countries.

Yuen Pau Woo
Independent Senators Group – British Columbia 

Appointment to the senate

• November 10, 2016

Professional background

• Research: Senior Fellow in Public Policy, Asian Institute of Research at The University of British Columbia (2014 – 2021); Senior Fellow, Asia Pacific Business Studies, Simon Fraser University (2014 – Present)
• Asia Pacific: President and CEO of the Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada (2005 – 2014); Distinguished East Asia Fellow at the Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada (2014 – 2021); President of China Global: The Vancouver Society for Promotion of Chinese Art and Culture (2014 – 2020)

Political and parliamentary roles

• Senate group: Independent Senators Group (2016 – Present)
• ISG Facilitator (2017-2021)

Committee membership

• Member:Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade (2017 – Present); Standing Committee on Banking, Trade and Commerce (2021 – Present); Standing Committee on Rules, Procedures and the Rights of Parliament (2021 – Present); Standing Joint Committee for the Scrutiny of Regulations (2017 – Present); Standing Committee on Transport and Communications (2022-Present)
• Former Member: Committee of Selection (2019 – 2020); Standing Committee on Internal Economy, Budgets and Administration (2021 – 2022)

Recent points of interest

GAC ‘Fit for Purpose’:

• In June 2022, Senator Woo showed significant interest in the recruitment process for the foreign service and how to optimize it. 
• Senator Woo has said he is in favour of greater recruitment into the Foreign Service of officials from other departments.
• During Minister Sajjan’s November 2022 appearance before the committee, the Senator suggested that GAC shouldrank the intrinsic global savvy and skills that some Canadians have higher than we currently do, and place less emphasis on knowledge of French. As examples, he suggested foreign language ability, having lived abroad, and understanding cultures around the world.

 Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties:

• In May 2022, Senator Woo underscored the importance of addressing anti-dumping and countervailing duties to protect producers and their workers and asked how the interests of consumers and importers of intermediate goods are addressed in these protectionist measures.

Russia Invasion of Ukraine:

• In April 2022, Senator Woo expressed dissatisfaction with the fact that the government seems to want the conflict in Ukraine to continue over the long term and asked what Canada is doing to try to negotiate a quick end to the war to reduce human suffering.

Russia Sanctions:

• In March 2022, Senator Woo noted his agreement with using the Magnitsky act to punish Russian leaders. However, he expressed some reluctance regarding SEMA and FACFOA, which he believes may not achieve the goal of changing the behavior of these Russian actors.

Amina Gerba
Progressive Senate Group – Quebec (Rigaud) 

Appointment to the senate

• July 29, 2021

Professional background

• Studies: Bachelor’s degree in Business Administration and a Master’s degree in Business Administration
• Business: Co-founded two companies manufacturing hair and body care products: KarilissLaboratories Inc. and Kariderm
• Consulting: Founder (2003) of non-profit Afrique Expansion Inc., in order tobuild bridges between Canada and Africa, and encourage business opportunities

Political and parliamentary roles

• Senate group: Progressive Senate Group (2021 – Present)
• Member: Canada-Africa Parliamentary Association (2021 – Present); Canada-France Inter Parliamentary Association

Committee membership

• Member: Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade (2021 – Present); Standing Committee on Human Rights (2021 – Present); 
• Former Member: Standing Committee on Energy, the Environment and Natural Resources (2021 – 2022); Standing Committee on National Finance (2021 – 2022); Standing Committee on Social Affairs, Science and Technology (2021 – 2022); Standing Committee on Transport and Communications (2021 – 2022)

Recent points of interest

GAC ‘Fit For Purpose’:

• During the March 2023 visit to 125 Sussex, Senator Gerba sought details on Canada’s Africa Strategy, and what we know about how other countries are positioning themselves in Africa.
• In November 2022, the Senator criticized DND witnesses on their footprint in Africa, having been surprised to learn that one Defense Officer was covering 13 countries.
• In October 2022, she asked whether Canada’s whole diplomatic machinery should turn to economic foreign policy to avoid missing opportunities.
• In June 2022, Senator Gerba congratulated Canada for its membership in the African Development Bank. She went on however to deplore the reduction over the years of the Canadian diplomatic network on the continent and asked why a country like Canada, as one of Africa’s main donors, has such a small diplomatic network there.
• In April 2022, the Senator asked if there have been any significant changes as a result ofGAC's announced plan to increase its number of Black and Indigenous executives.

Global Food Crisis: 

• In June 2022, Senator Gerba noted the global food issues related to the conflict in Ukraine and asked what role Canada can play in limiting this crisis particularly in the most affected African countries.

Trade Remedy System: SME

• In May 2022, Senator Gerba underscored the need to improve access to the trade remedy system for small and medium-sized enterprises and asked what actions have been taken by the government simplify access to the system for small and medium-sized businesses.

Bill S-217 (An Act respecting the repurposing of certain seized, frozen or sequestrated assets):

• In April 2022, Senator Gerba acknowledged the importance of this legislation, but expressed concern about the effects of such legislation on investment by foreign nationals in Canada. 

Stephen Greene
Canadian Senators Group – Nova Scotia (Halifax – The Citadel) 

Appointment to the senate

• December 22, 2008

Professional background

• Politics: Candidate for the Reform Party in the 1993 and 1997 federal elections; served as Chief of Staff to Preston Manning of the Reform Party of Canada (1993- 1996)
• Insurance: He worked in the insurance industry and became engaged in national and international insurance issues (1996 – 2009) 
• Foreign Service: Early in this career, he worked at the Canadian embassy in Washington D.C., and at the Canadian Consulate in Boston.

Political and parliamentary roles

• Senate groups: Conservative Party of Canada (2009 – 2017); Independent Senators Group (2017 2019); Canadian Senators Group (2009 – Present)
• Deputy Liaison (2022 – Present)
• Deputy Government Whip in the Senate (2010 – 2015)
• Deputy Opposition Whip in the Senate (2016 – 2017)

Committee membership

• Member: Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade (2019 – Present); Standing Committee on Rules, Procedures and the Rights of Parliament (2020 – Present); Standing Joint Committee for the Scrutiny of Regulations (2019 – Present)
• Former Member: Standing Committee on Banking, Trade and Commerce (2015 – 2017); Special Senate Committee on Senate Modernization (2017 – 2019); Standing Committee on Transport and Communications (2011 – 2013)

Recent points of interest

GAC ‘Fit For Purpose’:

• In June 2022, Senator Greene noted that the conflict in Ukraine will significantly change Canada's international policy and asked if GAC will be seeking the assistance of academics and experts to help adapt.

UN Update:

• In April 2022, Senator Greene mentioned the lack of relevance that the UN has in the conflict in Ukraine and whether Canada should have as an objective to initiate discussions and work on the creation of the “United Nations, Part II”. 

Ukraine:

• Since the beginning of the conflict, Senator Greene has advocated for more aid to Ukraine as well as the imposition of a no-fly zone.

Free Trade Agreements:

• In May 2019, Senator Greene stated that he was in favour of free trade agreements because they benefit Canada, our trading partners, and the global economy in general.

David Richards
Canadian Senators Group – New Brunswick 

Appointment to the senate

• August 30, 2017

Professional background

• Novelist, essayist, screenwriter and poet.
• Recognition: In 2007, he was awarded the regional Commonwealth Writers’ Prize award. He is also a member of the Order of New Brunswick and the Order of Canada. 

Political and parliamentary roles

• Senate groups: Independent Senators Group (2017 – 2018); Non-affiliated (2018- 2019); Canadian Senators Group (2019 – Present)
• Member: Canada-Europe Parliamentary Association(2019 – Present)

Committee membership

• Member: Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade (2021 – Present); Standing Committee on National Security and Defence (2017 – Present); Standing Senate Committee on National Security, Defence and Veterans Affairs (2021 – Present); 
• Former Member: Standing Committee on Indigenous Peoples (2013 – 2015); Standing Committee on National Finance (2019 – 2022); Standing Committee on Transport and Communications (2020 – 2021)

Recent points of interest

Afghanistan: 

• In June 2022, Senator Richards showed a strong interest in Canada's relationship with Afghanistan, particularly with respect to immigration issues and Afghan employees working at the Canadian embassy.

Russia:

• In June 2022, Senator Richards wanted to know if a diplomatic approach was still possible with Russia and if there are discussions behind the scenes to calm the situation.

Ukraine:

• Senator Richards has been in favour of imposing a no-fly zone in Ukraine and providing more military aid from Western countries.

GAC ‘Fit for Purpose’:

• In April 2022, Senator Richards deplored the state of Canada’s military, suggesting that greater collaboration between GAC and DND would improve the situation from a defence and security perspective.

Leo Housakos
Conservative Party of Canada – Quebec (Wellington) 

Appointment to the senate

• December 22, 2008

Professional background

• Studies: Bachelor’s degree in Business Administration
• Business: Had a career in business, served two terms as Vice-President of the Hellenic Congress of Quebec and as a founding member of the Hellenic Board of Trade of Metropolitan Montreal

Political and parliamentary roles

• Senator Group: Conservative Party of Canada (2009 – Present)
• Deputy Whip of the Opposition(2020 – Present)
• Speaker of the Senate(2015)
• Speaker Pro Tempore(2014 – 2015)

Committee membership

• Chair: Standing Committee on Transport and Communications (2021 – Present)
• Member:Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade (2009 – 2021/2022 – Present); Standing Committee on Transport and Communications (2009 – 2016/2021 – Present); Committee of Selection (2021- Present)
• Former Member: Standing Committee on Internal Economy, Budgets and Administration (2013 – 2016); Standing Committee on Rules, Procedures and the Rights of Parliament (2017 – 2019);Standing Committee on Rules, Procedures and the Rights of Parliament (2009 – 2022); Special Joint Committee on the Declaration of Emergency (2022 – 2022)

Recent points of interest

GAC ‘Fit For Purpose’:

• During the March 2023 visit to 125 Sussex, Senator Housakos asked what the Department needs to do to address perceived gaps in intelligence gathering, defense against cyber-attacks and theft of intellectual property at a level equivalent to our allies in the US, UK and France.

Sanction Regime:

• In May 2022, Senator Housakos introduced Bill S-247 An Act to amend the Justice for Victims of Corrupt Foreign Officials Act (Sergei Magnitsky Law).
• During a debate on Bill S-217, An Act respecting the repurposing of certain seized, frozen or sequestrated assets, in June 2022, Senator Housakos spoke in favor of the bill by mentioning that “it will further strengthen the Magnitsky Act and strengthen our ability as a country to properly deal with corruption and human rights abuses around the world”.

Foreign Interference:

• In October 2022, Senator Housakos spoke to an increase of foreign interference in Canada and asked witnesses what kind of legislation would identify and protect Canada in this regard.

Afghanistan: 

• In October 2022, Senator Housakos deplored what he described as Canada having let down our friends and supporters in Afghanistan, asking if the failure was because of a lack of intelligence or because of an error from GAC or IRCC. 

Michael L. MacDonald
Conservative Party of Canada – Nova Scotia (Cape Breton) 

Appointment to the senate

• January 2, 2009

Professional background

• Studies: Bachelor’s degree in Political Science and History 
• Provincial Politics: He ran twice provincially for the Nova Scotia Progressive Conservative Party in 1993 and 1998 
• Business: President and owner of the Fortress Inn Louisbourg (1988 – Present)

Political and parliamentary roles

• Senate Group: Conservative Party of Canada (2013 – Present)
• Co-chair:Canada-US Inter-Parliamentary Group (2019 – Present)
• Treasurer:Canada-Korea Inter-Parliamentary Friendship Group (2020 – Present)

Committee membership

• Chair: Committee of Selection (2021 – Present)
• Member: Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade (2009 – Present);
• Former Member:  Standing Committee on Transport and Communications (2015 – 2017 | 2020 – 2021); Standing Committee on Energy, the Environment and Natural Resources (2017 – 2019)

Recent points of interest

GAC ‘Fit for Purpose’:

• In June 2022, Senator MacDonald asked about the impact of selecting non-career diplomats as ambassadors. 

UN – Ukraine:

• Since the beginning of the conflict in Ukraine, Senator MacDonald has on several occasions raised concerns about the impact of the conflict on the functioning of the UN.

China: 

• Senator MacDonald has shown particular concern about China's intentions. In April 2022, he posited that China is currently learning from the conflict in Ukraine about tactical and operational matters.

Agriculture Producers:

• In March 2020, Senator MacDonald expressed his concern about the impact of the Carbon Tax, which he said would make it difficult for Canadian agriculture to compete with American producers in a free trade environment.

The current humanitarian situation in Gaza

Top line messages

• Canada is deeply concerned about the dire and deteriorating humanitarian situation in Gaza and its immediate and long-term impacts on civilians.
• Canada is alarmed that 103 United Nations aid workers have been killed in the conflict so far since October 7, the highest number of UN aid workers killed in such a short time.
• Canada was the first Western country to announce humanitarian support to the crisis, providing $60 million in humanitarian assistance funding to trusted partners responding to the needs in Gaza, the West Bank and neighbouring areas.

Supplementary messages

• As of November 15, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN OCHA) reports that an estimated 1.5 million Gazans have been displaced since October 7, representing 65% of Gaza’s population.
• Approximately 813,000 people are sheltering in 154 United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) designated emergency shelters, which are on average sheltering almost three times their intended capacity.
• Overcrowding in UNRWA facilities is leading to the spread of diseases such as acute respiratory illness and diarrhea, and could lead to a public health disaster.
• On November 6, the UN OCHA revised the inter-agency flash appeal to respond to the humanitarian emergency in Gaza and the West Bank that was originally issued on October 12, from US $294 million to US $1.2 billion – a four-fold increase in less than four weeks.
• Funding is urgently requested to meet the critical needs of 2.7 million Palestinians, including 2.2 million people in need in Gaza and 500,000 in the West Bank.
• As of 14 November, Member States have disbursed US $132.1 million against the Flash Appeal, representing approximately 11% of the $1.2 billion requested.

Supporting facts and figures

• More than 11,000 Palestinians have been killed since October 7, and 2,700 more are reported missing, including 1,500 children, who are presumed trapped or dead under rubble.
• These figures also represent a disproportionate level of death among children (4,506) and women (3,027).
• In the West Bank, 183 Palestinians have been killed, including 47 children, and OCHA is receiving reports of increased instances of settler violence, from an average of three per day before October 7 to an estimated average of eight per day since the start of the crisis.
• Canada`s allocation of humanitarian assistance can be broken down as follows:
  • Canadian Red Cross Society (CRCS): $2.5M
  • International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC): $2.5M
  • Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA): $2M
  • United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA): $3M
  • United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF): $3M
  • United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA): $10M
  • World Food Programme (WFP): $5M
  • World Health Organization (WHO): $2M
  • Humanitarian Coalition Matching Fund: $10M - $12M
  • Reserve: $18M - $20M

Background

On October 7 2023, Hamas militants stormed southern Israel, killing at least 1,400 Israelis, mostly civilians, and capturing at least 190 hostages, while indiscriminately firing thousands of rockets into Israel. In response, Israel launched retaliatory air strikes against Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad in the densely populated Gaza Strip, while imposing a closure of Gaza, including restrictions on food imports, fuel, water, and electricity. These actions have caused a humanitarian crisis, which has been compounded by the closure of the Rafah crossing between Gaza and Egypt, impeding Gazans’ ability to flee or access humanitarian aid.

This crisis has intensified an already precarious situation in Gaza and the West Bank. In January 2023, OCHA launched the Humanitarian Response Plan for 2023 seeking US $502 million for 1.6 million Palestinians in need. Humanitarian needs in Gaza and the West Bank are largely the result of conflict, constraints on the movement of people and goods in and out of Gaza, and regular demolitions of Palestinian homes and livelihood structures in the West Bank. These factors are compounded by the long-standing concern regarding the financial and political stability of the PA and its ability to deliver basic social services. As the PA announced its commitment of one-third of their budget to Gaza, as well as medial supplies assistance, Canada’s response will be well-aligned with Palestinian priorities.

Canada’s initial phase of funding focuses on addressing urgent, life-saving humanitarian needs stemming from conflict between Israel and Hamas. This assistance would support the provision of food, water, emergency medical assistance, protection services and other life-saving assistance through a gender-sensitive approach. If the humanitarian crisis expands outside of Gaza and the West Bank, Canada would aim to support immediate, life-saving humanitarian needs in Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria, on the basis of new or revised appeals.

All of Canada’s humanitarian assistance will be delivered through long-standing and experienced Canadian partners determined by a careful review of humanitarian needs and partner capacity and presence. These partners include the Canadian Red Cross Society (CRCS), International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), the World Food Programme (WFP), and the World Health Organization (WHO).

Humanitarian convoy access

Top line messages

• Canada has called for predictable, safe and sustained humanitarian pauses to allow the flow of fuel, water, food and other much needed humanitarian aid into Gaza.
• The basic humanitarian needs of civilians must be met, and Canada will continue to support civilians with life-saving humanitarian aid.
• Welcome the news that the first fuel truck was allowed into Gaza on November 15.

Supplementary messages

• Canada is advocating for the opening of alternative entry points for the flow of humanitarian goods.
• The Rafah border crossing is for the passage of people, and does not have the capacity to ensure the required flow of goods.
• Have been calling for the Kerem Shalom crossing with Israel, the main entry point for goods, to be reopened.

Supporting facts and figures

• Over 1.5 million people in Gaza are estimated to be internally displaced, with over 787,000 IDPs in 154 UNRWA shelters.
• Total of 1,187 number of trucks have entered Gaza since October 21, as of November 15. On November 17, the Israeli cabinet agreed to 60,000 liters of fuel (representing half of the needs communicated by UN agencies).
• Food security partners have been unable to deliver assistance in the north, as access has been largely cut off.
• On 15 November, some 23,000 litres of fuel entered Gaza from Egypt, the first such delivery since 7 October. 
• The Minister of International Development at the Paris Summit called for the basic humanitarian needs of civilians to be met.
• MINA Statement on X/Twitter expressed extreme concern, calling for enough food, fuel, and water into Gaza to enable continued lifesaving humanitarian work.

Background

Shortly after the outbreak of violence on 7 October, Israel shut all borders with Gaza, and the UN has been unable to replenish its stocks of lifesaving aid since then. The Rafah border crossing in Egypt was re-opened on October 21 following an Israel-Egypt deal for a limited entry of humanitarian aid deliveries. This border crossing is now considered as the only lifeline into Gaza home to 2.3 million people. At the Rafah border, Egyptian and Israeli authorities inspect the trucks and all shipments are verified to ensure that vehicles contain only humanitarian goods before crossing into Gaza. Staff from the Palestinian Red Crescent or the UN agency for Palestine refugees (UNRWA), stand by ready to operate aid distribution efforts. As trapped Gazans face deteriorating humanitarian conditions, a growing number of countries, UN agencies and aid partners have been sending planeloads of goods into the El Arish Airport in neighbouring Egypt, about 45 km (28 miles) from Rafah.

The Head of OCHA, Martin Griffiths commented on Israeli authorities’ decision on Wednesday to allow one fuel truck to enter Gaza, expressing that 24,000 litres “represents a fraction of the fuel needs for humanitarian operations”, and that to cover the whole of the Gaza territory and therefore all of the people in need, we would need about 200,000 litres a day,”

A Statement by Principals of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee issued on November 16, that humanitarian chiefs will not take part in unilateral proposals to create “safe zones” in Gaza without the agreement of all the parties, and unless fundamental conditions are in place to ensure safety and other essential needs are met and a mechanism is in place to supervise its implementation.

GAC’s enforced due diligence process related to aid funding

Top line messages

• Canada exercises enhanced due diligence for all humanitarian and development assistance funding for Palestinians.
• This work includes ongoing oversight, a systematic screening process and strong anti-terrorism provisions in funding agreements.
• Canada has a no-contact policy with the listed terrorist organization, Hamas.

Supplementary messages

• Canada has disbursed an average of approximately $55 million annually to help meet the development and humanitarian needs of vulnerable Palestinians in Gaza, the West Bank, and neighbouring areas.
• All programming funding mechanisms are thoroughly examined to be consistent with Canadian values and to meet the highest standards of transparency and accountability.
• Canadian funding to Palestinians goes through trusted partner organizations, such as UN agencies and International Non-Governmental Organizations.
• Any local sub-implementer goes through an enhanced due diligence process in line with international standards and Global Affairs Officials further ensure alignment with Canadian domestic anti-terrorism legislation and requirements.

United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees (UNRWA)

Top line messages

• Canada is a leading supporter of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency, which is currently the major lifeline for humanitarian support for Gazans.
• Sufficient and predictable resources is important for meeting the needs of refugees and to support regional stability.
• Canada expects UNRWA to uphold UN values and humanitarian principles, including neutrality, in all activities.

Supplementary messages

• Canada’s support to UNRWA contributes to ensuring that the Agency operates in an effective, transparent, and accountable manner.
• Canadian officials are monitoring UNRWA’s activities. Our close engagement allows us to insist on accountability if UNRWA faces allegations of neutrality violations.
• Canada expects UNRWA’s approach to include timely follow-up, including the implementation of corrective or disciplinary actions (as deemed appropriate and in line with due process).
• In all of its activities, UNRWA has a zero-tolerance policy for incitement to violence or discrimination.

Supporting facts and figures

• Canada renewed its support to UNRWA in 2023, with announcement of $100 million over 4 years.
• In addition, Canada announced $10 million to support the humanitarian response in Gaza.
• Canada’s support helps more than half a million Palestinian children who rely on UNRWA for education services.
• UNRWA also delivers critical food or cash assistance to approximately 2 million beneficiaries, with a focus on the very poorest.
• Canadian funding reinforces UNRWA’s ongoing efforts on neutrality, including work by UNRWA staff to identify, monitor, and follow up on violations of this principle.
• Canada exercises enhanced due diligence for all international assistance funding for Palestinians, including funding for UNRWA.

Background

Since 1948, UNRWA has been the only UN organization mandated to provide basic services to over five million Palestinian refugees in the West Bank, Gaza, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan. UNRWA is almost entirely funded through voluntary contributions by international donors, and continues to face chronic and significant funding shortfall resulting from growing needs and growing operating costs, against falling contributions and a volatile environment. This regular year-on-year shortfall impacts the Agency’s ability to provide services to vulnerable Palestinian refugees, whose needs are rising. In January 2023, UNRWA released its new Strategic Plan and its accompanying budget proposal for the Programme Budget amounting to $848 million for the year. UNRWA has stated its commitment to investing in comprehensive programmatic reforms and modernization to meet refugees’ needs in a cost-effective and efficient manner.

IHL Background for Communications

General

• International humanitarian law (IHL) applies to situations of armed conflict.
• IHL regulates the conduct of hostilities and protects the victims of armed conflict.
• Parties to armed conflict must respect IHL in all circumstances.

Protection of Civilians

• Civilians and civilian objects are entitled to protection at IHL. They shall not be made the object of attack.
• Where a civilian takes a direct part in hostilities or where a civilian object is used for military purposes, this protection is lost (typically for such time as that direct participation in hostilities or military use continues), and the civilian or civilian object may become a legitimate target.

Distinction

• Parties to armed conflict have a duty at IHL to distinguish between civilians and combatants and between civilian objects and military objectives.
• IHL requires that parties to armed conflict do everything feasible to verify that objectives to be attacked are legitimate targets.

Proportionality

• The fact that an attack on a legitimate target may cause civilian casualties or damage to civilian objects does not necessarily make the attack unlawful at IHL.
• However, IHL requires that parties to armed conflict refrain from launching any attack that may be expected to cause incidental loss of civilian life, injury to civilians or damage to civilian objects (or a combination thereof) that would be excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated from the attack.
• “Military advantage” anticipated from an attack refers to the advantage anticipated from the attack considered as a whole and not from isolated or particular parts of the attack.

Precautions

• IHL requires that parties to armed conflict take all feasible precautions in the choice of means and methods of attack to avoid, and, in any event, to minimize, incidental civilian casualties and damage to civilian objects.
• “Feasible” precautions are those precautions that are practicable or practically possible taking into account all circumstances ruling at the time, including humanitarian and military considerations.

Standard for Decision-Making

• When planning, deciding upon or executing attacks, parties to armed conflict reach decisions on the basis of their assessment of the information reasonably available to them at the relevant time. Such decisions cannot be judged on the basis of information that has subsequently come to light.

Humanitarian relief

• Parties to armed conflict are generally obliged to facilitate rapid and unimpeded passage of all humanitarian relief consignments, equipment and personnel.

Hospitals

• Hospitals enjoy special protection at IHL. They shall be respected and protected and shall not be made the object of attack.
• The protection to which hospitals are entitled at IHL shall not cease unless they are used to commit acts harmful to the enemy, outside their humanitarian function. In such circumstances, a warning must be given, and protection only ceases if such warning goes unheeded.

Q and A compilation

Humanitarian Pauses:

• Canada is deeply concerned about the humanitarian situation in Gaza and its impact on innocent civilians.
• At this time, our priority continues to be ensuring that humanitarian assistance can reach those in need.
• We need to see sustained, unimpeded access of humanitarian relief to civilians.
• This is why we have been calling for humanitarian pauses to allow for humanitarian assistance to reach those in need.
• We call on all parties to implement the necessary measures to allow for sustained, unimpeded humanitarian access for vulnerable civilians in Gaza.
• Canada will continue to call on all parties to protect civilians and respect international humanitarian law.

Ceasefire:

• Canada is deeply concerned about the humanitarian situation in Gaza and its impact on innocent civilians.
• Our priority is ensuring the safe, unimpeded, and sustained access of humanitarian assistance into Gaza, as well as the protection of civilians and humanitarian workers.
• Canada unequivocally condemns the brutal terrorist attacks perpetrated by Hamas against Israel.  
• We continue to recognize Israel’s right to defend itself in accordance with international humanitarian law.
• The Prime Minister has emphasized the need for Israel to demonstrate maximum restraint in its operations to protect civilian lives.
• Canada stands firmly with the Israeli and Palestinian peoples in their right to live in peace, security, with dignity and without fear.
• The violence needs to stop so civilians can get access to medical services, food, fuel and water.
• Humanitarian pauses were a necessary first step in that sense, but much more is needed urgently.
• We want to see the next steps taken towards a sustainable ceasefire, and it cannot be one sided. Hamas must release all the hostages, stop using civilians as shields, and stop its attacks on Israel.

Hospitals and Medical Workers:

• Canada is gravely concerned by the impacts that the conflict is having on medical facilities and personnel in Gaza.
• Under international humanitarian law civilians and civilian infrastructure, particularly hospitals, must be protected and must not be used for military purposes.
• Hospitals and medical personnel must not be targeted by military operations.
• Canada calls on all parties to uphold international humanitarian law and ensure the protection of civilians as well as humanitarian and medical personnel.

Alleged Double-Standards

• Canada rejects the suggestion that there is any kind of “double standard” at play. All civilian lives are equal – Palestinian and Israeli - and all civilian losses are tragic. 
• Canada emphasizes this point regularly. Civilians must be protected at all times. We condemn the use of civilian objects for military purposes, just as we condemn the targeting of civilian objects – in all contexts.
• We have also been clear that, in defending itself, Israel must uphold international humanitarian law and do everything feasible to protect civilians.
• Canada will continue to call for the rapid and unimpeded access of humanitarian relief to civilians in Gaza.

Alleged Double-Standards Likening Israel-Gaza to Russia-Ukraine

• It is disingenuous to seek to liken Israel’s response to Hamas’ terrorist attacks with Russia’s illegal invasion of Ukraine.
• Canada supports the right of both Israel and Ukraine to defend themselves from attack, in accordance with international law.  
• Iran’s rhetorical and material support for Hamas is deeply troubling. We are gravely concerned by Iran’s actions to destabilize peace and security across the Middle East. We’re also deeply concerned by Iran’s efforts to support Russia’s military aggression in Ukraine.
• Canada will not take lessons from actors like Russia and Iran, which seek to benefit from the division, pain, and loss that result from war.

West Bank Stability:

• Canada is following the situation in the West Bank closely.
• We are gravely concerned by extremist settler attacks on Palestinians in the West Bank.
• We strongly condemn these attacks and call for the perpetrators to be held accountable.
• This violence undermines security in the West Bank and threatens prospects for a lasting peace.

United Nations/multilateral voting

• Canada supports resolutions that are consistent with Canadian policy on the Middle East, are rooted in international law, reflect current dynamics, contribute to the goal of a negotiated two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and address fairly and constructively the obligations and responsibilities of all parties to the conflict.
• Canada has longstanding concerns regarding the polemical and repetitive nature of many of the numerous resolutions singling out Israel at the UN.
• Canada does not support resolutions that unfairly single out Israel for criticism or address the responsibilities of all parties to the conflict. Our votes on these resolutions across the UN system reflect this basic principle.
• Canada advocates a fair-minded approach and rejects one-sided resolutions and any politicization of the issues. 
• Canada’s “yes” vote on the “Assistance to Palestine Refugees” resolution in 2023 reflects our longstanding support for UNRWA’s services to Palestinian refugees. Given the dire humanitarian situation in Gaza, it is particularly important at this moment to recognize the vital role played by UNRWA in the delivery of urgent humanitarian assistance to Palestinian civilians. 
• Canada's “yes” vote on the “The Right of the Palestinian People to self-determination” resolution (since 2019) is a reflection of our longstanding commitment to the right of self-determination for both Palestinians and Israelis.

International law

Israel’s right to defend itself:

• Canada has been clear that Israel has the right to defend itself in accordance with international law.
• Canada has been equally clear that in defending itself, we expect that Israel will comply with applicable international law, including international humanitarian law (IHL).
• All parties to armed conflict must respect IHL, in all circumstances.
• If pressed: Civilians and civilian objects are entitled to protection at IHL. They must not be made the object of attack.
• If pressed: Parties to armed conflict have a duty at IHL to distinguish between civilians and combatants and between civilian objects and military objectives. Attacks shall be directed only against legitimate targets.
• If pressed: The fact that an attack on a legitimate target may cause civilian casualties or damage to civilian objects does not necessarily make the attack unlawful at IHL. However, incidental loss of civilian life, injury to civilians and damage to civilian objects (or a combination thereof) must not be excessive with respect to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated from the attack.

Israeli actions in Gaza:

• We are deeply concerned about the dire humanitarian situation in Gaza.
• Canada supports Israel’s right to defend itself against terrorism. But it is imperative that it does so in accordance with international law and international humanitarian law.
• We are also gravely concerned by Hamas’ use of civilian infrastructure for military purposes in Gaza.
• We continue to call on all parties to respect international humanitarian law.
• Canadian officials, at all levels, have been outspoken on this point.

Legality of Israel’s “Blockade” of Gaza:

• We are deeply concerned by the dire humanitarian situation in Gaza and the impact of this conflict on civilians.
• Canada supports Israel’s right to defend itself against terrorism. But it is imperative that it does so in accordance with international law and international humanitarian law. As the PM has said, the price of justice cannot be the continued suffering of all Palestinian civilians.
• Canada continues to call on all parties to facilitate access of humanitarian assistance to reach those in need.
• The protection of civilians is paramount. We continue to call on all parties, in no uncertain terms, to uphold international law. 

Legality of Israel’s evacuation orders:

• Canada is deeply concerned about the humanitarian situation in Gaza and its impact on innocent civilians.
• Under International Humanitarian Law, an occupying power may undertake total or partial evacuation of a given occupied area if the security of the occupied population or imperative military reasons so demand.
• Israel’s evacuation orders have contributed to the displacement of more than one million Palestinians inside Gaza.
• It is essential that Palestinian civilians have access to the humanitarian assistance they need.

ICC or ICJ investigation into current conflict:

• Canada is a steadfast supporter of the International Court of Justice as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, and it recognizes the important role the court plays in the peaceful settlement of disputes.
• Canada is working together with our partners and allies to urge all parties to respect their obligations under international law.
• Our political leadership has been outspoken on this point on several occasions.

International Criminal Court (ICC) investigation into the “Situation in Palestine”

• Canada strongly supports the ICC and the important work that it does as a key pillar of the rules-based international system.
• Canada’s longstanding position remains that it does not recognize a Palestinian state and therefore does not recognize its accession to international treaties, including the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.

Responsive – ICJ Advisory Opinion

• Canada is concerned that the issuance of an advisory opinion on Israeli practices in the occupied territories, at the ICJ, may contribute to a polarization of positions that risks moving the parties further away from a just and lasting resolution to the conflict.
• While Canada fully supports all efforts to encourage Israel and the Palestinians to return to the negotiating table, we believe direct dialogue between the parties themselves is the best path to create the conditions for peace.
• If Pressed: We believe that the Court should exercise its discretion not to respond to the request made by the UN General Assembly on this issue for the following reasons:
  • The questions posed are related to a bilateral dispute, and Israel has not accepted jurisdiction of the court.
  • The UN Security Council is the body with primary responsibility for the overarching issue, not the UN General Assembly.

Humanitarian:

Humanitarian corridor:

• We are deeply concerned about the rapidly deteriorating humanitarian situation in Gaza and the impact of the conflict on innocent civilians.
• It is critical that essential sustained and unimpeded humanitarian assistance can reach civilians.
• Canadian officials, at every level, have been actively engaging counterparts in the region and around the world to reinforce the need for sustained humanitarian access into Gaza.
• These messages are conveyed through intensive diplomatic engagement at all levels with counterparts in the region and key international actors.

Enhanced Due Diligence:

• Canada has disbursed an average of approximately $55 million annually to help meet the development and humanitarian needs of vulnerable Palestinians in Gaza, the West Bank and neighbouring areas.
• All programming and funding mechanisms are thoroughly examined to be consistent with Canadian values and to meet the highest standards of transparency and accountability.  
• Given the inherent challenges in delivering humanitarian assistance, including partners who are working in dynamic, heightened risk environments such as Gaza and the West Bank, Canada only works with experienced humanitarian partners to deliver life-saving assistance, such as UN agencies (WHO, WFP, UNRWA).
• We exercise enhanced due diligence to ensure Canadian funds do not go into the hands of terrorists, such as Hamas or the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP).
• For example we have established funding agreements with strong anti-terrorism provisions, regular site visits and audits, ongoing oversight through sitting on their Executive Boards, and a systematic screening process, including for matching funds partners.
• Any local sub-implementer goes through an enhanced due diligence process in line with international standards and Global Affairs Officials further ensure alignment with Canadian domestic anti-terrorism legislation and requirements.

Bill C-41: Will Bill C41 apply to the aid Canada is providing to Gaza? How will it help our partners to respond to the humanitarian crisis on the ground?

• Yes, Bill C41 will allow Canadian aid to reach Gaza; this does not change our enhanced due diligence procedures.
• In June 2023, Canada amended Criminal Code terrorist financing provisions to incorporate a humanitarian exception and authorization regime to facilitate international assistance and other needed activities in terrorist-controlled areas, including Afghanistan
• The new legislation facilitates Canada’s engagement to address humanitarian crises and advance human rights globally.
• The humanitarian exception (as detailed in section 83.03(4) of the Criminal Code) shields from criminal liability activities carried out by Canadians and persons in Canada:
  • for the sole purpose of carrying out humanitarian assistance activities;
  • under the auspices of impartial humanitarian organizations;
  • in accordance with international law;
  • while using reasonable efforts to minimize any benefit to terrorist groups.

Canada’s humanitarian contributions to addressing the crisis

• Humanitarian assistance needs to be able to reach those in need. This is why Canada is working with likeminded and governments in the region in the hopes that we can agree a humanitarian corridor to allow aid to reach vulnerable civilians in Gaza.
• To date, Canada has announced $60 million in humanitarian assistance to address the urgent needs of vulnerable civilians in this crisis.
• This includes matching fund that leveraged the generosity of Canadians and raised $13.7 million, which has been entirely matched by the Government of Canada, together bringing the total amount of $27.4 million. This will up to the 12 potential members, such as Action Against Hunger, Save the Children, and World Vision, etc. to provide much needed relief to civilians.
• Canada relies on experience and trusted Canadian international partners to deliver assistance in the West Bank and Gaza.

Breakdown of the first tranche of $ 30 million as follows:

Active organizations responding to the crisis:

• Active organizations such as the ICRC, WFP, UNRWA, WHO, UNICEF are providing protection and emergency relief including water, food assistance, shelter and medical care to address the acute needs of impacted civilians in Gaza.

White phosphorus use:

• Canada is aware of reports of white phosphorus use in Gaza. I cannot speak to the veracity of these reports.
• Canada expects all parties to uphold international humanitarian law.
• If Pressed: The use of white phosphorus as intended in conventional warfare is not prohibited under the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), nor is it banned under international humanitarian law, nor any other conventional weapons treaty.

Exchanges of Fire - Israel-Hezbollah:

• The fragile situation along Israel’s border with Lebanon is deeply concerning.
• The terrorist group Hezbollah has been firing on Israel since Hamas’ terrorist attacks, and Israel has been responding. This cross-border fire has led to casualties, including civilians, both in Israel and in Lebanon.
• Both Hezbollah and Israel must take all feasible precautions to minimize civilian casualties and damage to civilian objects.
• It is essential that parties in the region do not continue to escalate tensions.
• Canada is engaging with our partners in the region to work to prevent further escalation.

Iran:

• Canada remains gravely concerned by Iran’s actions to destabilize peace and security across the Middle East.
• Canada has in place some of the toughest and most extensive sanctions on the Iranian regime in the world, targeting IRGC branches as well as senior-level members of its leadership under the Special Economics Measures (Iran) Regulations.
• If pressed: We do not have evidence that Iran was directly involved in Hamas’ brutal terrorist attack on October 7, but we know that Iran has long supported and continues to support Hamas.
• If pressed: Canada continues to impose costs on Iranian regime in coordination with likeminded partners.
  • We have implemented some of the toughest and most extensive sanctions measures against the Iranian regime globally, targeting
    • all IRGC branches;
    • government departments and agencies;
    • and senior-level members of its leadership under Special Economic Measures Act (SEMA).
  • These actions have imposed a prohibition on dealings, effectively freezing Iranian assets held in Canada and making them inadmissible to Canada.

Qatar:

• Canada thanks Qatar for its ongoing efforts to secure the release of hostages in Gaza and welcomes its ongoing critical role in seeking to secure the release of others.
• Canada and Qatar share concerns about the humanitarian impacts of the crisis and agree on the need to protect civilians in Israel and Gaza, in accordance with international humanitarian law.
• The PM as well as Ministers Joly and Hussen regularly exchange views on the Israel-Hamas conflict and on Qatar’s mediation efforts.
• Canada is appreciative for Qatar’s vital support to Canada in times of crisis including Covid-19 repatriation and efforts to evacuate Afghan refugees.

Canada providing military support to Israel:

• Canada has one of the strongest export controls systems in the world, and respect for human rights is enshrined in our export controls legislation.
• All permit applications for controlled items are reviewed on a case-by-case basis under Canada’s robust risk assessment framework, including against the Arms Trade Treaty criteria which are enshrined in Canada’s Export and Import Permits Act (EIPA).
• Permits to export controlled goods and technology from Canada will not be issued if there is a substantial risk that they could be used to commit or facilitate a serious violation of international human rights law.
• If pressed: Canada and Israel have long cooperated in areas such as security and defence. Our relations are governed by the 2014 Strategic Partnership Memorandum of Understanding.

The situation in Ukraine – Summary report (Oct 4) 

Senate Standing Committee of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (AEFA)

Wednesday, October 4, 4:15 to 5:32 p.m.

Report Prepared by:

Paul Boon, Cabinet and Parliamentary Affairs Division, Global Affairs Canada 

Agenda: Study on foreign relations and international trade generally

Topic: Situation in Ukraine

Witnesses

Global Affairs Canada

• Alexandre Lévêque, Assistant Deputy Minister, Europe, Arctic, Middle East and Maghreb
• Kati Csaba, Executive Director, Ukraine Bureau
• Alison Grant, Director General, International Security Policy Bureau

Key Takeaways:

The committee invited Global Affairs Canada officials to appear to provide an update on the current situation in Ukraine. Inquiries focused primarily on specific ongoing work by the department, as well as evolving dynamics relating to trade, the BRICS Alliance, and Ukraine’s possible admission to NATO. Answers to questions were well-received and the overall tone of the meeting was collegial.

Opening Statement:

 Mr. Lévêque began his remarks by stating that the war in Ukraine will continue well into the winter. He addressed the need for ongoing international support and indicated that Canada has pledged a multi-year commitment. Lévêque highlighted that Canada’s total commitments toward the war effort are $9.05 billion, since 2022. He concluded his remarks by stating that Canada is cooperating with international partners, namely its G7 allies, towards the seizure of Russian assets.

Questions from Senators:

Senator Ravalia (ISG) focused his questions on what he considers skepticism amongst Canada’s allies towards supporting Ukraine, what Canada’s role is in monitoring potential corruption within the Ukrainian government, and dynamics relating to developments to the BRICS alliance.

Senator Housakos (C) asked officials which tools exist beyond sanctions and financial aid that Global Affairs Canada is using, or can use, to support Ukraine. He also wondered whether the government has considered imposing sanctions to countries currently supporting Russia. He finished his time by asking whether there is a risk that Ukraine will become a “modern-day Cyprus.”

Senator Boniface’s (ISG) inquiries concerned food security and the renewal of the Black Sea Trade Initiative, and what Canada is doing to monitor organized crime in Ukraine as the war continues.

For her time, Senator Deacon (ISG) asked questions concerning Ukraine’s potential bid for European Union and NATO memberships and what, if any, possible new avenues for support to Ukraine exist.

Senator Gerba (PSG) sought clarity on the challenges relating to peace talks within the context of recent claims of neutrality by some countries. She also followed up on earlier questions relating to the Black Sea Agreement, inquired into the Impact of the death of former Wagner leader Yevgeny Prigozhin, and asked what the possibility of a change in US administration would have on the war.

Senator Harder (PSG) invited officials to comment on the recent G20 statement concerning the Black Sea Initiative, including whether the government of Canada has considered realigning its international development assistance to countries facing food insecurity, based on their stance towards the conflict.

Senator Woo (ISG) discussed the recent appointment of Canada’s new Ambassador to Ukraine, Natalka Cmoc, and inquired into the diplomatic work Canada is currently doing within Ukraine. He also sought input from officials on Canada’s stance towards a possible upcoming election in the country.

Senator MacDonald (C) also brought to attention Ukraine’s possible succession to NATO. He asked about a realistic timetable for Ukraine to join and what essential conditions must be met to ensure its membership.

Senator Richards (CSG) asked officials to comment on the fallout concerning the recognition of Yaroslav Hunka during President Zelenskyy’s recent address to Parliament.

Senator Boehm (ISG) focused his inquiries on developments concerning the International Atomic Energy Agency’s (IAEA) monitoring of the Zaporizhian Nuclear plant, and invited Kati Csaba, Executive Director, Ukraine Bureau, to describe how her bureau works and how it coordinates with the Ukrainian-Canadian community and Canada’s closest allies. Boehm rounded out the meeting by seeking input from GAC officials on how to support professional contact between Canadian and Ukrainian parliamentarians.

At 5:32 p.m., the committee adjourned at the call of the chair.

Senators in Attendance

• Independent Senate Group (ISG): Peter M. Boehm (Chair), Gwen Boniface, Marty Deacon, Mohamed-Iqbal Ravalia, Yuen Paul Woo
• Progressive Senators Group (PSG): Amina Gerba, Peter Harder (Vice-Chair)
• Conservative (C): Leo Housakos, Michael L. MacDonald
• Canadian Senators Group (CSG): Stephen Greene, David Richards
• Non-affiliated : Judy A. White

The situation in Haiti - Summary report (Oct 5)

Senate Standing Committee of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (AEFA)

Thursday, October 5, 11:30 a.m. to 1:36 p.m.

Report Prepared by:

Matthew Enright, Cabinet and Parliamentary Affairs Division, Global Affairs Canada  

Agenda: Study on foreign relations and international trade generally

Topic: Situation in Haiti

Witnesses:

Global Affairs Canada

• Lisa Vandehei, Director General, Haiti Interdepartmental Task Force
• Sebastien Sigouin, Executive Director, Haiti

As an Individual

• Chalmers LaRose, Professor, Department of Political Science and Co-director, Observatoire des Amériques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM)

International Crisis Group

• Renata Segura, Deputy Director, Latin America and the Caribbean

Key Takeaways:

The committee invited officials from Global Affairs Canada to provide an update on the current situation in Haiti. They also heard from non-government experts to provide their perspectives on the present situation. The meeting focused primarily on the newly mandated UN Multinational Security Support Mission, bilateral and multilateral supports, and the legitimacy of the Henri Government. Answers to questions were well-received and the overall tone of the meeting was collegial and constructive. 

Opening Statements:

Ms. Vandehei began her remarks by underlining Canada’s leadership role in coordinating international assistance for strengthening the security sector in Haiti, including the $100 million provided in March 2023. She noted that the Government continues to impose sanctions on those who are fueling violence and instability, and that Canada is responding to the critical humanitarian and development needs of the population. She concluded by stressing that Cananda strongly believes that the future of Haiti depends on having in place a stable and democratically elected government, while urgent action is needed to respond to the crisis.

Professor LaRose used his remarks to stress the very difficult situation in Haiti at present, including the presence and side of armed groups, an erosion of the social fabric, economic decline, a mass exodus of the population, and an absence of state authority.

Dr. Segura provided her concerns that the chances of success for the new UN support mission may be hindered due to the lack of a broad consensus of support. However, she noted the necessity that foreign forces continue to train the Haitian National Police in order to bolster domestic capacity to counter the pervasive threat of gang violence.

Questions from Senators:

Senator Boniface (ISG) focused her interventions on supports provided to the Haitian National Police, how Canada would help to address issues of corruption within the force, as well as selection and screening of recruits.

Senator Ravalia (ISG) used his time to discuss the new UN mandated Multinational Security Support Mission in Haiti, including implicated Canadian involvement, and allegations of abuse by Kenyan police within their own country. Furthermore, he discussed “political patronage” of gangs in Haiti, their access to state resources, and the challenges this present to the security intervention and any future transitional government.

Senator Greene (CSG) was also interested in the security intervention, and what may have prompted the Kenyan Government to offer to lead it. Additionally, he asked officials about the role of the Dominican Republic in resolving the ongoing crisis, as well as the current state of Haitian-DR relations.

Senator Deacon (ISG) inquired as to how Canada has provided the $100 million support package announced this past spring, and what monitoring mechanisms exist to ensure it is used and delivered appropriately. She also sought clarity into the requirements for a free and open election, and highlighted chronic distrust of political institutions in Haiti.

Senator Gerba (PSG) discussed the former UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), and the lessons from that experience. She was also concerned about Haitian reaction concerning international support for the government of acting Prime Minister Henri, despite concerns of his legitimacy.

Senator MacDonald (C) emphasized the importance of greater French involvement, which he described as the “progenitor of the social and financial mess”.

Senator Richards (CSG) expressed concern with the “top down approach” that has been taken with the Multinational Security Support Mission, as well as its likelihood of success.

Senator Mégie (ISG) questioned the overall reduction in aid to Haiti between 2017 to 2022, from $121.7 million $99.9 million, and underlined the concerns of the Haitian community that foreign governments are supporting an “illegitimate” administration.

Senator Boehm (ISG) sought details on duty of care for Canadian personnel in Port-au-Prince, mental health support, as well as their general mobility throughout the capital. Additionally, he inquired into broader hemispheric initiatives to address the current situation, from organizations such as the Organizations of American States (OAS) and the Caribbean Community (CARICOM).

At 1:36 p.m., the committee adjourned at the call of the chair.

For Follow Up: During the first hour of the appearance, and due to a lack of time to answer all questions, GAC committed to provide in writing answers to the following questions. DCL will be in touch with the responsible division to produce a written response.   

Senator MacDonald (C)

• What is going on at the Haiti-DR border? Is there a large military presence? What are the current dynamics?

Senator Gerba (PSG)

• Does Canada really have a program that can concretely help Haitians in their daily lives?

Senator Greene (CSG)

• Unless there is a diminishment or eradication of the gangs in Haiti, is there chance of stability?

Senator Mégie (ISG)

• Do you have an idea of how many police it would have taken to manage the crisis? 1,000, 5,000, 10,000?

Senators in Attendance

• Independent Senate Group (ISG): Peter M. Boehm (Chair), Gwen Boniface, Marty Deacon, Mohamed-Iqbal Ravalia, Yuen Paul Woo, Marie-Françoise Mégie
• Progressive Senators Group (PSG): Amina Gerba
• Conservative (C): Michael L. MacDonald
• Canadian Senators Group (CSG): Stephen Greene, David Richards

Consular management in emergency situations & the situation in Afghanistan - Summary report (Oct 25)

Senate Standing Committee of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (AEFA)

Wednesday, October 25, 4:15 to 6:13 p.m.

Report Prepared by:

Aretha Heenan, Cabinet and Parliamentary Affairs Division, Global Affairs Canada 

Agenda: Study on foreign relations and international trade generally

Panel 1 (4:15 to 5:15 p.m.)

Topic: Consular management in emergency situations

Witnesses

Global Affairs Canada

• Julie Sunday, Assistant Deputy Minister, Consular, Security and Emergency Management
• Sebastien Beaulieu, Director General & Chief Security Officer, Security and Emergency Management

Panel 2 (5:15 to 6:15 p.m.)

Topic: The situation in Afghanistan

Witnesses

Global Affairs Canada

• Weldon Epp, Assistant Deputy Minister, Indo-Pacific, Global Affairs Canada
• Tara Carney, Director, International Humanitarian Assistance
• Alice Birnbaum, Deputy Director, Development, Afghanistan Program

Panel 1

Key Takeaways:

The committee invited Assistant Deputy Minister Julie Sunday ans- accompanied by Director General Sébastien Beaulieu- to speak on the topic of consular emergency management. Many committee members expressed gratitude at the current work being done by consular services. Questions focused mainly on the departmental response to the situation in Israel and Gaza. Emphasis was placed on duty of care to GAC employees, including Locally Engaged Staff, as well as the safety of Canadians in the conflict zones more broadly.

Opening Statement:

Ms. Sunday began her remarks by explaining GAC’s consular service delivery framework, tools used on the ground – such as Travel Advice and Advisories, and the Registration of Canadians Abroad (ROCA) – as well as the legislation governing consular services, like the DFATD Act. She noted that GAC’s ability to provide consular emergency assistance is constrained by laws in other countries, and situations like war zones. Next, Sunday discussed GAC’s whole-of-government emergency response, and the structures the department has in place to respond and adapt to each unique crisis. She noted that complex crises over the past three years have broadened the emergency management role, increased scrutiny of the department’s work by clients and the media, and put increasing demands on GAC’s network. Sunday concluded by using the recent examples of the crisis in Israel and Gaza, and the situation in Lebanon to explain what the department has done in terms of emergency response, as well as how the demand for support in crises can be increasingly challenging.

Questions from Senators:

Senator Boniface (ISG) inquired about what the department has learned from the 2006 evacuation from Lebanon. She followed up by asking what GAC is doing to increase the number of Canadians who sign up to the Registration of Canadians Abroad (ROCA).

Senator Gerba (PSG) asked Ms. Sunday to explain the response to the announcement from the United States that they had reached a deal with Egypt and Israel to secure safe passage of American citizens out of Gaza. She further asked what type of training GAC officials working on the ground in consular emergency services have, and what issues they are facing. During the second round of questions, Senator Gerba  referred to the issue of Locally Engaged Staff, asking what happens to them in a war zone and if there is discussion to put them on an evacuation list.

Senator Ravalia (ISG) inquired about Canada and its partners diplomatic and political efforts to ensure the safety of Locally Engaged Staff. He followed up by asking what criteria the department uses to decide how employees become essential staff in places like Tel Aviv and Ramallah.  

Senator Coyle (ISG) was curious about the interplay between the Emergency Watch Centre and missions and asked about the relationship between the Emergency Watch Centre and the missions abroad, in the context of the situation in Israel and Gaza. She asked in the second round of questions if there is a plan for any Canadians stuck at the Rafah border crossing.

Senator Deacon (ISG) asked what the context of simultaneous global crises means for Canadians in India needing consular assistance. She followed up by asking how key learnings from the consular response to the COVID-19 pandemic impacted consular practices going forward. Senator Deacon inquired in the second round of questions if the witnesses could comment on current collaboration with international partners, and if there is a potential for a review to increase the size of the Five Eyes. 

Senator Richards (CSG) inquired about the safety of Canadian personnel in Ramallah, and if the department is well coordinated with allies in places like Lebanon and Ramallah in the event of an evacuation. He followed up by asking if Canada has the heavy equipment needed for evacuations. He asked in the second round of questions if the department knew how many Canadians are currently in Gaza.

Senator Kutcher (ISG) asked if GAC has a communication plan to counter recent criticisms on social media about the CAP, and if there is a plan to combat false narratives spread online. He followed up by asking if the witnesses were confident with the current intelligence reports they receive on the crisis in Israel and Gaza.

Panel 2

Key Takeaways:

The committee invited Assistant Deputy Minister Weldon Epp – accompanied by Director Tara Carney and Deputy Director Alice Birnbaum – to appear on the topic of the ongoing situation in Afghanistan. Questions focused on the status of aid to Afghanistan and how the department is ensuring aid funds reach the intended recipients. A secondary line of questioning focused on the Taliban regime and efforts to moderate Taliban policies, particularly concerning women and girls. The overall tone of the meeting was collegial.  

Opening Statement:

Mr. Epp began his remarks by expressing his condolences to the lives lost during the recent earthquake in Herat province which killed almost 1,500 people. He noted that although Canada no longer has official representation in Afghanistan, Canada continues to monitor the situation through contact with partners like the UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan. Mr. Epp next spoke about the decline in human rights since the Taliban takeover two years ago. Mr. Epp noted that security remains an issue in Afghanistan given the presence of transnational terrorist groups. He stated that Canada’s condemnation of the Taliban has been unequivocal, and that Canada has acted as a leading voice calling for a coordinated approach and tough messaging. He noted that last month, Minister Joly appeared at a Canadian co-sponsored event on Afghan women and girls’ education at the UN. The witness concluded that despite operational challenges, Canada continues to provide assistance to Afghanistan, including over $143 million in urgent humanitarian assistance in 2022, and over $70 million in development assistance in 2022.

Questions from Senators:

Senator Deacon (ISG) asked if GAC is working with allies to prevent the expulsion of Afghans living in Pakistan, and if the Pakistani government has since taken action to expel the Afghans living there. She inquired in the second round of questioning if Canada is still ambitious in reaching its initial targets of the number of Afghans brought to Canada.

Senator Coyle (ISG) asked if there has been an increased flow of aid into Afghanistan since the passage of Bill C-41. She followed up by asking if there are other international partners in Afghanistan making headway to moderate the Taliban’s positions.

Senator Richards (CSG) expressed concerns that outside forces have such little effect on Taliban policy, and asked if there are other agencies working in Afghanistan attempting to moderate the Taliban. He followed up by inquiring if working with Pakistan on these issues was an effective strategy. He inquired in the second round of questioning if there is global aid fatigue concerning Afghanistan.

Senator Boniface (ISG) sought clarify on how GAC determined that the $143 million sent in aid was received by its intended recipients.

Senator Ravalia (ISG) asked Mr. Epp if it was time to rethink the department’s position on the Taliban and engage directly with them. He furthered his questioning by asking if the department had the capacity to fill the current gap in aid going to Afghanistan, given the many crises happening in the current global context.

Senator Woo (ISG) asked about current anti-Taliban forces both in and outside Afghanistan, and if these forces could make progress in effecting change in Afghanistan. He furthered his questioning by asking if the Taliban is making headway representing Afghanistan diplomatically around the world.

Senator Kutcher (ISG) asked how the department ensures that the aid sent is going to the Afghan people who need it, and what percentage of funds are leakage. He also asked what role the Hawala system of money transfer plays in delivering aid to Afghanistan. He asked in the second round of questioning how Canada deals with Afghanistan’s heroin production and exportation and if Canada is working with allies on this issue.

Senator Boehm (ISG) started his question by stating that committee members still receive email requests from Afghans who were connected to Canadian operations in Afghanistan. He asked if the task force to bring those Afghans to Canada still exists, and if progress has been made on this file. He followed up by asking if there is coordination with other countries on this issue. He finished in the second round of questions by asking if Mr. Epp had any comments concerning Russia and China and the situation in Afghanistan. 

At 6:13 p.m., the committee adjourned at the call of the chair.

Senators in Attendance

• Independent Senate Group (ISG): Peter M. Boehm (Chair), Gwen Boniface, Mary Coyle, Marty Deacon, Yuen Paul Woo, Stan Kutcher
• Progressive Senators Group (PSG): Amina Gerba
• Conservative (C): Michael L. MacDonald
• Canadian Senators Group (CSG): Stephen Greene, David Richards

The situation in Afghanistan - Summary report (Oct 26) 

Senate Standing Committee of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (AEFA)

Thursday, October 26, 11:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m.

Report Prepared by:

Aretha Heenan, Cabinet and Parliamentary Affairs Division, Global Affairs Canada 

Agenda: Study on foreign relations and international trade generally

Topic: The situation in Afghanistan

Panel 1 (11:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m.)

Witnesses

As an individual

• Arif Z. Lalani, Former Ambassador to Afghanistan, Jordan, Iraq, United Arab Emirates (by videoconference)

Canadian Women for Women in Afghanistan

• Lauryn Oates, Executive Director (by videoconference)

Panel 2 (12:30 p.m. to 1:30 p.m.)

Witnesses

As individuals

• Nader Nadery, Senior Fellow, The Wilson Centre (by videoconference)
• Nipa Banerjee, Senior Fellow, School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa

Islamic Relief Canada

• Usama Khan, Chief Executive Officer

Panel 1

Key Takeaways:

The committee invited former Ambassador Arif Z. Lalani and Executive Director of the Canadian Women for Women in Afghanistan Lauryn Oates to appear on the topic of the situation in Afghanistan. Questions concerned the humanitarian situation in Afghanistan, in particular the condition of women and girls in Afghanistan and their ability to access education. A secondary line of questioning related to Canada’s potential reengagement with the Taliban to achieve humanitarian objectives in Afghanistan, and how Canada could best support humanitarian efforts in Afghanistan.

Opening Statements:

Mr. Lalani began his statement by acknowledging that he served as Ambassador to Afghanistan and in a 20-year period, progress was made in Afghanistan. He focused on the education of girls, and women’s participation in higher education and political life in Afghanistan, highlighting how conditions improved for women and girls in the 20-year period. Mr. Lalani contrasted this to the situation in 2023, where close to 80% of school-aged girls are out of school, and university education for women has been suspended. He criticized both the 2020 treaty with the Taliban, as well as the 2021 military withdrawal as contributing to the current situation in Afghanistan. He emphasized the need for Canada to have a strategy with Afghanistan. He recommended a larger Canadian presence on the ground in Afghanistan, and increased humanitarian and economic development assistance to Afghanistan as tools to improve the current situation in Afghanistan.

Ms. Oates began her statement by highlighting current humanitarian conditions in Afghanistan, including food insecurity and the devastation caused by the recent earthquake. She argued that these challenges must be understand in the context of human rights in Afghanistan. She focused her statement on the situation of women and girls in Afghanistan, in particular the lack of educational opportunities available to them. She pointed to virtual and in-person classrooms that continue to educate girls and called for Canada to support this independent network of educators.

Questions from Senators:

 Senator Housakos (C) asked Mr. Lalani what specific elements failed and contributed to the unwanted in Afghanistan today. He continued his questioning by asking if Canada should curtail its efforts or take a leadership role in operations like Afghanistan. He asked in the second round of questions if Canada should accept that “we lost” when it comes to Afghanistan.

Senator Ravalia (ISG) asked Mr. Lalani if, during his time as Ambassador to Afghanistan, he had any direct contact with the Taliban, and if so, if Mr. Lalani saw opportunities for dialogues with more progressive factions of the Taliban. He continued by asking if Mr. Lalani maintained contact with former Afghan President Karzai to determine what support Canada could provide. He further asked if Mr. Lalani felt that opening an embassy in Afghanistan and dialoguing with the Taliban would compromise Canada’s principles. He followed up by inquiring if Mr. Lalani felt that there was enough support for Karzai and former minister Abdullah to reenter Afghan politics.

Senator Coyle (ISG) asked Mr. Lalani about the steps Canada would need to take to have a greater presence on the ground in Afghanistan. She next asked Ms. Oates if she could elaborate on the network of educators continuing to teach Afghan girls and what support Ms. Oates felt would be most helpful to that network. She asked Mr. Lalani in the second round of questions of examples of Canada engaging with other states as learning moments for moving forward with Afghanistan. She asked Ms. Oates if it would help her work if Canada had greater on-the-ground presence in Kabul.

Senator Boniface (ISG) asked Mr. Lalani how he advices governments to reinvest in Afghanistan. She inquired about how to best manage the fatigue that comes from long-term commitments like the situation in Afghanistan and how this commitment might be rethought for the future. As a follow up, she asked Mr. Lalani how he would deal with issues of corruption related to aid coming into Afghanistan.

Senator Deacon (ISG) asked Mr. Lalani if he would like to elaborate on his recommendations for increased aid and engagement with stakeholders in the context of Afghanistan. She followed up by referencing the October 25^th 2023 committee meeting on the situation in Afghanistan where it was mentioned that outside of Kandahar, the Taliban rule is more uneven. She wondered if perhaps this meant the Taliban’s hold on the country was tenuous.

Senator Woo (ISG) asked both Mr. Lalani and Ms. Oates if it was possible to return to Afghanistan without engaging with the Taliban.

Senator Gerba (PSG) inquired about Mr. Lalani’s and Ms. Oates’ views of Ahmad Shah Massoud’s (leader of the United Front against the Taliban) position to start a guerilla war against the Taliban in Afghanistan. She followed up by asking Ms. Oates how Canada could help Afghan girls. She asked in the second round of questions if Ms. Oates could finish her previous remark to know if Canada should adapt its feminist foreign policy.

Senator MacDonald (C) asked Mr. Lalani if investment and education ambitions are realistic with the Taliban are in power, and if military intervention is the only solution to the situation in Afghanistan. He followed up by asking Mr. Lalani to clarify what he meant by investment in Afghanistan.

Senator Boehm (ISG) asked Mr. Lalani if, in the last 20 years, Canada has lost its creative spark when it comes to situations like Afghanistan, and if Mr. Lalani felt there was still an openness to work with allies as happened 20 years ago concerning Afghanistan.

Panel 2

Key Takeaways:

The committee invited Ms. Nipa Banerjee, School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa. Mr. Usama Khan, Chief Executive Officer of Islamic Relief Canada, and Nader Nadery, Senior Fellow, The Wilson Centre, to appear on the topic of the situation in Afghanistan. Questions focused on the current humanitarian situation in Afghanistan, and how best to distribute humanitarian aid on the ground. Senators were also interested in learning more about the Taliban regime and how Canada might engage or respond to the Taliban government in Afghanistan.

Opening Statement:

Ms. Nipa Banerjee began her remarks by reflecting on the 2021 fall of Kabul and the need for the international community to dialogue with the Taliban. She noted how Afghanistan’s economy has suffered since the fall of Kabul, and that bilateral donations to Afghanistan decreased or were suspended once the Taliban came to power. She next stated that the Taliban government is desperate for international recognition to access aid funds, and that refusing to dialogue with the Taliban risks isolating the Afghan people. She finished by stating that Western powers should engage with the Taliban to promote access to humanitarian assistance and prevent human rights abuses. 

Mr. Usama Khan began his remarks by introducing his organization, Islamic Relief Fund, and the role the organization played in the Aid for Afghanistan campaign that helped lead to Bill C-41. His remarks focused on aid opportunities and challenges in Afghanistan. He stated that the opportunity to continue to engage in Afghanistan is important to improve the humanitarian context. He noted that access to humanitarian aid from Kabul is good, and that the security situation in Afghanistan is quite stable, presenting an opportunity for aid organizations operating there. He noted that the education ban on girls is a leading frustration for the global community and for aid organizations. He finished by stating that Western countries need to invest in the citizens of Afghanistan, and to work with allies to ensure that Canada is not absent in engaging with Afghanistan.

Mr. Nader Nadery began his remarks by summarizing the current humanitarian situation in Afghanistan since the fall of Kabul, including the loss of a democratic system and many Afghan lives. He continued to state that human rights have diminished in the country, especially for women and girls. He mentioned targeted attacks against activists and restricted freedom of the press. He finished by noting that he was part of the team who negotiated with the Taliban for one year, and that those negotiations failed, contributing to the situation in Afghanistan today.

Questions from Senators:

Senator Coyle (ISG) asked Ms. Banerjee to elaborate on what Canada should do in terms of engagement with the Taliban. She followed up in the second round of questions by asking Mr. Khan if he had any further remarks on Bill C-41.

Senator Deacon (ISG) asked Ms. Banerjee and Mr. Khan if there were notable differences between the Taliban government in the 1990s and the one that exists in Afghanistan today.

Senator Ravalia (ISG) asked Mr. Khan if his organization’s field offices had opportunities to collaborate with relief organizations from other countries, and if he felt that the Taliban influenced the way that aid from his organization is distributed. He furthered his questioning by inquiring to what extent corruption is an issue for his organization in Afghanistan. He followed up by asking Ms. Banerjee and Mr. Khan about the situation of Afghans living in Pakistan or near the Pakistani border.

Senator Gerba (PSG) asked Mr. Khan and Ms. Banerjee if there were any international aid efforts that Canada could use as examples to more effectively deliver aid to Afghanistan, particularly women and girls.

Senator Boehm (ISG) asked Mr. Nadery if developments in Afghanistan are on the radar of the United States, and if there are any US missions or activities suggesting that the United States will take a larger role in the situation in Afghanistan. He followed up asking if there is coordination among Afghan diasporic communities concerning developments having in Afghanistan, and if organizations are connected in exercising pressure on host countries.

At 1:30 p.m., the committee adjourned at the call of the chair.

Senators in Attendance

• Independent Senate Group (ISG): Peter M. Boehm (Chair), Gwen Boniface, Mary Coyle, Marty Deacon, Yuen Paul Woo, Mohamed-Iqbal Ravalia
• Progressive Senators Group (PSG): Amina Gerba
• Conservative (C): Leo Housakos, Michael L. MacDonald
• Canadian Senators Group (CSG): Stephen Greene

Women, Peace & Security - Summary report (Nov 1)

Senate Standing Committee of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (AEFA)

Wednesday, November 1, 4:15 p.m. to 6:17 p.m.

Report Prepared by:

Aretha Heenan, Cabinet and Parliamentary Affairs Division, Global Affairs Canada 

Agenda: Study on foreign relations and international trade generally

Topic: Women, peace, and security

Panel 1 (4:15 p.m. to 5:15 p.m.)

Witnesses

As individuals

• Bénédicte Santoire, Doctoral Student, Political Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ottawa
• Stéfanie von Hlatky, Full Professor and Canada Research Chair on Gender, Security, and the Armed Forces, Queen's University

Panel 2 (5:15 p.m. to 6:15 p.m.)

Witnesses

As individuals

• Yolande Bouka, Assistant Professor, Department of Political Studies, Queen's University
• Marie-Joëlle Zahar, Professor and Director of the Research Network on Peace Operations, Université de Montréal (by videoconference)

Panel 1

Key Takeaways:

The committee invited Professor Stéfanie von Hlatky and doctoral candidate Bénédicte Santoire to appear on the topic of women, peace and security (WPS). The meeting turned heated when Senator MacDonald asked Ms. Santoire why she had excluded victims of Hamas in her opening statement, and he concluded that she was anti-Semitic. Senator Lankin expressed the view that Senator MacDonald’s questioning was inappropriate in a Senate committee context. The remainder of the first panel was collegial, and questions focused on the role of Canada and NATO in WPS efforts. For the second panel,  the committee invited Professor Yolande Bouka and Professor Marie-Joëlle Zahar to appear on WPS. Questions focused on women’s engagement in WPS initiatives and what Canada and others can do to increase women’s participation in such efforts. A secondary discussion involved the role of prevention in promoting WPS principles. The overall tone of the meeting was cordial.  

Opening Statements:

Professor Stéfanie von Hlatky began her remarks by focusing on WPS within the NATO context. She stated that recent NATO engagements, like Kosovo, Afghanistan, and the ongoing situation in Ukraine have led to a reevaluation of WPS policy and greater efforts to engage women in peace and security projects. She noted that a new NATO WPS policy is forthcoming in 2024 and is expected to be more specific in how WPS interact with other NATO pillars. She next mentioned the shortcomings of WPS efforts, including a push for women’s participation to improve operational effectiveness rather than improving gender equality more broadly.

Bénédicte Santoire began her remarks discussing the latest UN WPS Agenda, and the necessity of women’s participation in every step of international peace and security decision-making. She focused on drawbacks on women’s rights worldwide, mentioning situations in Haiti, Sudan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Gaza, and Afghanistan. She next discussed her field work in Ukraine and Armenia and the challenges women face in conflict zones. She finished by remarking that Canada has a role to play in global WPS discussions, noting the Inquiry into Murdered and Missing Indigenous Women and Girls as an example.

Questions from Senators:

Senator Deacon (ISG) asked Ms. Santoire about an article she published arguing that post-soviet spaces fall into a gap in current thinking as they are neither part of the Global North or South. She asked Ms. Santoire to elaborate on that argument, and how it informs WPS in places like Ukraine. She asked Professor von Hlatky in the second round of questions if it is true that as NATO responds to Russian aggression, topics like WPS take a backseat, and what steps Canada could take to ensure WPS gains are not lost.

Senator Ravalia (ISG) asked Professor von Hlatky if her research highlighted any trends or challenges in the field of WPS that NATO could address in the future. In he second round of questions, he asked Professor von Hlatky if her research has addressed how gender-based analysis can improve military operational effectiveness and security. He followed up by asking if minority groups like LGBTQ+ women have seen greater representation in military organizations.

Senator Patterson (CSG) asked Professor von Hlatky what Canada is doing to prepare service women in peace and security missions. She followed up by inquiring what steps Canada could take at NATO to ensure legislators are using WPS concepts. She asked Professor von Hlatky in the second round of questions if the Elsie Initiative is a model that Canada should continue to pursue. 

Senator Gerba (PSG) asked Ms. Santoire if she believes that Canada’s current Action Plan is effective. In the second round of questions, she asked the witnesses what could be done to promote women in peace negotiations processes.  Ms. Santoire noted that Canada should act as an advocate for WPS principles in multilateral institutions like the UN Security Council.

Senator Lankin (ISG) asked Ms. Santoire if she had seen any evidence that WPS principles informed Canada’s analysis of the Israel-Hamas situation. She followed up by asking if Canada’s policy commitment to WPS has expired and if there are plans to renew it. She followed up on Senator MacDonald’s statement toward Ms. Santoire by calling it inappropriate in the Senate committee context. She asked the witnesses in the second round of questions if there was a backsliding of representation of women in uniform in Canadian organizations like CAF and the RCMP.  Ms. Santoire argued that the current WPS framework is insufficient to address structural problems. She then addressed Senator Lankin’s second question by noting the advocacy work WPS networks have done, in particular in working with GAC and Ambassador O’Neill.

Senator MacDonald (C) asked Ms. Santoire why she did not mention the Hamas attack on Israel during her opening statement. He followed up by asking Ms. Santoire why she ignored the victims of Hamas during her statement. Senator MacDonald concluded his statement by calling Ms. Santoire anti-Semitic.

Senator Boehm (ISG) asked Professor von Hlatky in the second round of questions if there were WPS best practices Canada could learn from other countries. He followed up by asking Professor von Hlatky if her counterparts in other countries shared her views on this subject. Professor von Hlatky noted that there are gaps in terms of Canada’s approach in engaging civil society. She pointed out that the EU has much to share on this item.

Panel 2

Opening Statements:

Professor Yolande Bouka began her remarks by mentioning that her work focuses on WPS in Africa. She noted that Namibian women influenced the forthcoming UN WPS Agenda by advocating for its development. She highlighted contributions made by Namibian and South African women in WPS generally, and how the experiences of the Apartheid regime influenced their views on the importance of WPS initiatives. She concluded by noting that WPS is informed by the difficult experiences of women living in war situations and that while gains have been made, there is still progress that needs to happen.

Professor Marie-Joëlle Zahar began her remarks by stating that there is a global backlash against the UN WPS Agenda in the form of populism and extreme-right movements. She used the situation in Afghanistan to highlight both the successes and challenges of WPS and noted that WPS partners were abandoned during the fall of Kabul and the gains made were lost. She further stated that efforts to involve women in peace processes have stalled. She concluded her statement by noting that a global trend in militarization is a challenge to WPS efforts.   

Questions from Senators:

Senator Ravalia (ISG) asked Professor Bouka if she employed specific metrics to ensure gender-equality policies achieve their intended goals. He followed up by asking if the role women played in combatting Apartheid in Namibia has led to an increase in women representation in WPS efforts in Namibia today.

Senator Deacon (ISG) asked the witnesses how intergenerational trauma resulting from gender-based violence presents itself, and what can be done to mitigate its impacts on populations.

Senator Gerba (PSG) asked the witnesses what steps Canada could take to mitigate the proliferation of gender-based violence in conflict zones. She asked the witnesses in the second round of questions how Canada’s feminist foreign policy could aid women in peacekeeping roles in African countries.

Senator Lankin (ISG) asked Professor Zahar how she would increase women’s participation in peace and security processes given men’s resistance to such participation. She followed up on Senator Boehm’s question by asking witnesses, in the second round of questions, if it is up to women in NGO and UN networks to advocate for further participation of women in WPS, or if states are involved as well.

Senator Boehm (ISG) asked both witnesses if there were ways for more women to be involved in “track two initiatives” - designed to build confidence around an issue - that are typically led by men. 

Senator Hartling (ISG) asked the witnesses if there were activities or actions the Senate could do to support WPS initiatives and women empowerment more broadly. Professor Bouka noted that prevention, as it relates to military action, is a pillar missing in Canada’s current WPS action plan. She elaborated that Canada’s foreign policy initiatives should include conflict prevention and encourage mediation over military action. Professor Zahar added that Canada’s foreign policy needs to involve more systematic consultation with partners in other countries to ensure that foreign policy efforts do not have negative consequences for women in those countries.

At 6:17 p.m., the committee adjourned at the call of the chair.

Senators in Attendance

• Independent Senate Group (ISG): Peter M. Boehm (Chair), Frances Lankin, Marty Deacon, Mohamed-Iqbal Ravalia, Nancy Hartling, Jane MacAdam
• Progressive Senators Group (PSG): Amina Gerba
• Conservative (C): Michael L. MacDonald
• Canadian Senators Group (CSG): Rebecca Patterson

Women, Peace & Security - Summary report (Nov 2)

Senate Standing Committee of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (AEFA)

Thursday, November 2nd, 11:30 a.m. to 12:42 p.m.

Report Prepared by:

Aretha Heenan, Cabinet and Parliamentary Affairs Division, Global Affairs Canada 

Agenda: Study on foreign relations and international trade generally

Topic: Women, peace, and security

11:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m.

Witnesses

Global Affairs Canada

• Jacqueline O'Neill, Canada’s Ambassador for Women, Peace and Security
• Ulric Shannon, Director General of Peace & Stabilization Operations Program

Key Takeaways:

The committee invited Jacqueline O’Neill, Canada’s Ambassador for Women, Peace and Security - accompanied by Ulric Shannon, Director General of Peace & Stabilization Operations Program - to appear on the topic of women, peace and security. This was the second meeting the committee held on this topic. Questions focused on Canada’s role in global WPS efforts as well as the global state of WPS priorities more broadly. Ambassador O’Neill and Mr. Shannon were well received by the committee, and the tone of the meeting was collegial.

Opening Statement:

Ambassador O’Neill began her statement by describing her role as Canada’s Ambassador for Women, Peace and Security (WPS), which includes providing advice to the Ministers involved in the implementation of Canada’s National Action Plan on WPS. She explained her main priorities in the role as strengthening and expanding the network of WPS partners, creating customized tools and guidance documents, and promoting Canadian WPS initiatives. She next turned her discussion to global improvements related to WPS as well as areas that lack progress, including an overall recent decrease in women’s participation in peace processes. She concluded her statement by referencing Canada’s second National Action Plan on Women, Peace and Security, noting that the third version of the plan is currently under development.

Questions from Senators:

Senator Patterson (CSG) asked how Canada’s National Action Plan can help inform the work of the Senate. She asked in the second round of questions how the UN WPS Agenda contributes to larger conversation around definitions of human security.

Senator MacDonald (C) inquired if women’s participation in the FARC peace talks in Columbia is considered a WPS success story and model for future WPS endeavors, and if so, why this is the case. He asked in the second round of questions if there are other WPS success stories beyond Columbia, and if commonalities exist in those success stories.

Senator Ravalia (ISG) referenced Professor Bouka’s explanation of “track three” networks of women across the Sahel in the Wednesday, November 1 AEFA meeting, in asking how Canada is working to ensure vulnerable individuals in informal networks are listened to and recognized. He asked in the second round of questions how the backslide of gender equality worldwide impacts WPS work and priorities.

Senator Deacon (ISG) wanted to know if, in discussions with NATO allies, the WPS agenda is a priority, or if there a threat of WPS action items getting diluted in the context of current global security concerns.

Senator Coyle (ISG) asked if women are active participants in the “in-the-moment” strategy tables taking place during conflict situations. She asked in the second round of questions how the government could best strengthen the position of Ambassador of Women, Peace and Security.

Senator Gerba (PSG) sought clarity in how Canada’s National Action Plan compares to those in other countries, and if there are other national plans in which Canada could draw inspiration. She asked in the second round of questions how Canada supports the African Union to achieve better representation of African women in peace negotiations.

Senator Dean (ISG) asked how Canada combats transnational gender-based violence, and expressed curiosity to learn more about grassroots mobilization movements. He followed up by asking Ambassador O’Neill to provide examples of positive change related to WPS.    

Senator Busson (ISG) asked to learn more about the consultation process in the development of Canada’s Third National Action Plan, as well as the success metrics used to ensure the National Action Plan meets its objectives.

Senator Boehm (ISG) asked both witnesses about Canada’s ability to act as a global mediator and if there is emphasis for Canada to facilitate mediation peace processes. He ended by allowing both witnesses to provide concluding remarks to the committee.

At 12:42 p.m., the committee adjourned at the call of the chair.

Senators in Attendance

• Independent Senate Group (ISG): Peter M. Boehm (Chair), Mary Coyle, Marty Deacon, Mohamed-Iqbal Ravalia, Bev Busson, Tony Dean
• Progressive Senators Group (PSG): Amina Gerba
• Conservative (C): Michael L. MacDonald
• Canadian Senators Group (CSG): Rebecca Patterson